Acetic acid

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/11435516.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "130bbe406429175feedf86bcfa4597f8f7f81ac1d27a5d299efc545e3225175e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1638, "text_sha256": "130bbe406429175feedf86bcfa4597f8f7f81ac1d27a5d299efc545e3225175e"}

experimental_model

Food-deprived rats given graded dietary acetic acid for 2 hours

exposure

0, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 g acetic acid per 100 g diet for 2 hours after 15 hours of food deprivation

limitations

Only the 0.2 g dose reached significance for glycogen, so the dose-response is not monotonic. The glycolytic mechanism is the authors’ inference from metabolite ratios, not a direct enzyme measurement.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Rat

plain_language

A small dose of the acid helped both the liver and the muscle refill their glucose stores.

primary_references

[acetate-p11435516] Acetic acid feeding enhances glycogen repletion in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11435516/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.7.1973

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver and skeletal muscle

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 433–444

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Food-deprived rats given graded dietary acetic acid for 2 hours · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-acetate-glycogen The 0.2 g acetic acid group had significantly greater liver and gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentration than the control group, and the authors concluded that a diet containing acetic acid may enhance glycogen repletion in liver and skeletal muscle. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: A small dose of the acid helped both the liver and the muscle refill their glucose stores. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Liver and skeletal muscle experimental_model: Food-deprived rats given graded dietary acetic acid for 2 hours limitations: Only the 0.2 g dose reached significance for glycogen, so the dose-response is not monotonic. The glycolytic mechanism is the authors’ inference from metabolite ratios, not a direct enzyme measurement. exposure: 0, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 g acetic acid per 100 g diet for 2 hours after 15 hours of food deprivation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/11435516.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "130bbe406429175feedf86bcfa4597f8f7f81ac1d27a5d299efc545e3225175e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1638, "text_sha256": "130bbe406429175feedf86bcfa4597f8f7f81ac1d27a5d299efc545e3225175e"} [acetate-p11435516] Acetic acid feeding enhances glycogen repletion in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11435516/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.7.1973

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/11435516.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "130bbe406429175feedf86bcfa4597f8f7f81ac1d27a5d299efc545e3225175e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1638, "text_sha256": "130bbe406429175feedf86bcfa4597f8f7f81ac1d27a5d299efc545e3225175e"}

experimental_model

Food-deprived rats given graded dietary acetic acid for 2 hours

exposure

0, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 g acetic acid per 100 g diet for 2 hours after 15 hours of food deprivation

limitations

Only the 0.2 g dose reached significance for glycogen, so the dose-response is not monotonic. The glycolytic mechanism is the authors’ inference from metabolite ratios, not a direct enzyme measurement.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Rat

plain_language

The acid appears to slow the burning of glucose, which is why more of it ends up stored.

primary_references

[acetate-p11435516] Acetic acid feeding enhances glycogen repletion in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11435516/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.7.1973

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver and skeletal muscle

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 446–457

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Food-deprived rats given graded dietary acetic acid for 2 hours · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-acetate-inhibits-glycolysis In liver the concentration of xylulose-5-phosphate was significantly higher in the control group than in the acetic acid groups, and in gastrocnemius muscle the ratio of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate was significantly higher in the control group; the authors proposed that acetic acid may activate gluconeogenesis and inactivate glycolysis in liver through suppression of xylulose-5-phosphate accumulation, and inhibit glycolysis in skeletal muscle by suppressing phosphofructokinase-1 activity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The acid appears to slow the burning of glucose, which is why more of it ends up stored. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Liver and skeletal muscle experimental_model: Food-deprived rats given graded dietary acetic acid for 2 hours limitations: Only the 0.2 g dose reached significance for glycogen, so the dose-response is not monotonic. The glycolytic mechanism is the authors’ inference from metabolite ratios, not a direct enzyme measurement. exposure: 0, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 g acetic acid per 100 g diet for 2 hours after 15 hours of food deprivation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/11435516.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "130bbe406429175feedf86bcfa4597f8f7f81ac1d27a5d299efc545e3225175e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1638, "text_sha256": "130bbe406429175feedf86bcfa4597f8f7f81ac1d27a5d299efc545e3225175e"} [acetate-p11435516] Acetic acid feeding enhances glycogen repletion in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11435516/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.7.1973

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16630552.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8e99fe94e17c850602d0da9607212293dfc8d773e356b73ef37c4b071bbeabea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 914, "text_sha256": "8e99fe94e17c850602d0da9607212293dfc8d773e356b73ef37c4b071bbeabea"}

experimental_model

KK-Ay diabetic mice fed for 8 weeks, with rat hepatocyte experiments

exposure

0.3% dietary acetic acid for 8 weeks; sodium acetate as neutralised acetic acid applied to rat hepatocytes

limitations

The hepatocyte arm used the neutralised salt and still activated AMPK, which does not sit easily beside the human finding that the acid rather than the salt lowered glucose. Both are recorded.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Mouse

plain_language

Eight weeks of dietary acid lowered fasting glucose and long-term glucose control, and turned down the liver genes that make glucose and fat.

primary_references

[acetate-p16630552] Acetic acid activates hepatic AMPK and reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic KK-A(y) mice. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16630552/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.176

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 407–418

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · KK-Ay diabetic mice fed for 8 weeks, with rat hepatocyte experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-acetic-acid-ampk Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels were lower in KK-Ay mice fed 0.3% acetic acid for 8 weeks than in control mice, and acetic acid also reduced the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, which is in part regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase in the liver. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Eight weeks of dietary acid lowered fasting glucose and long-term glucose control, and turned down the liver genes that make glucose and fat. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver experimental_model: KK-Ay diabetic mice fed for 8 weeks, with rat hepatocyte experiments limitations: The hepatocyte arm used the neutralised salt and still activated AMPK, which does not sit easily beside the human finding that the acid rather than the salt lowered glucose. Both are recorded. exposure: 0.3% dietary acetic acid for 8 weeks; sodium acetate as neutralised acetic acid applied to rat hepatocytes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16630552.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8e99fe94e17c850602d0da9607212293dfc8d773e356b73ef37c4b071bbeabea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 914, "text_sha256": "8e99fe94e17c850602d0da9607212293dfc8d773e356b73ef37c4b071bbeabea"} [acetate-p16630552] Acetic acid activates hepatic AMPK and reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic KK-A(y) mice. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16630552/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.176

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16034360.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "46b8b5f47f2fcecc5fd70b32aca316fe7065dc407147d4f7b2c63bdf8f486f5c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1811, "text_sha256": "46b8b5f47f2fcecc5fd70b32aca316fe7065dc407147d4f7b2c63bdf8f486f5c"}

experimental_model

Four-meal randomised crossover in thirteen healthy subjects

exposure

Freshly boiled potato, cold-stored potato, cold-stored potato with a vinaigrette of 8 g olive oil and 28 g of 6% white vinegar, against a white bread reference

limitations

Vinegar was tested only in combination with cold storage, so this design cannot separate the two. Cold storage alone was tested and is recorded separately.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

Cold potato dressed in vinegar produced a much smaller glucose and insulin rise than hot potato, but the two changes were not separated.

primary_references

[acetate-p16034360] Vinegar dressing and cold storage of potatoes lowers postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16034360/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602238

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 160–171

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-meal randomised crossover in thirteen healthy subjects · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-cold-plus-vinegar The glycaemic and insulinaemic indices of cold potatoes with added vinegar were significantly reduced by 43% and 31% respectively compared with freshly boiled potatoes; vinegar was tested only together with cold storage in this design. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Cold potato dressed in vinegar produced a much smaller glucose and insulin rise than hot potato, but the two changes were not separated. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Four-meal randomised crossover in thirteen healthy subjects limitations: Vinegar was tested only in combination with cold storage, so this design cannot separate the two. Cold storage alone was tested and is recorded separately. exposure: Freshly boiled potato, cold-stored potato, cold-stored potato with a vinaigrette of 8 g olive oil and 28 g of 6% white vinegar, against a white bread reference evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16034360.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "46b8b5f47f2fcecc5fd70b32aca316fe7065dc407147d4f7b2c63bdf8f486f5c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1811, "text_sha256": "46b8b5f47f2fcecc5fd70b32aca316fe7065dc407147d4f7b2c63bdf8f486f5c"} [acetate-p16034360] Vinegar dressing and cold storage of potatoes lowers postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16034360/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602238

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/12376715.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "028d663eb0bf09494f45ded6c6045d6fc40a2ac3c0ae1a3a6dab5fafef985e55", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 482, "text_sha256": "028d663eb0bf09494f45ded6c6045d6fc40a2ac3c0ae1a3a6dab5fafef985e55"}

experimental_model

Single clinical case report with endoscopy

exposure

One tablespoon of white vinegar swallowed to dislodge a crab shell from the throat

limitations

A single case. It establishes that the same compound is corrosive at the concentration sold for cooking, which none of the dietary studies address.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

One tablespoon, swallowed neat, burned the throat and the length of the gullet.

primary_references

[acetate-p12376715] Corrosive oesophageal injury following vinegar ingestion. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376715/

tissue_or_cell_type

Oropharynx and oesophagus

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 212–223

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single clinical case report with endoscopy · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-corrosive-injury A 39-year-old woman who drank one tablespoon of white vinegar to soften a crab shell stuck in her throat was found on endoscopy to have inflammation of the oropharynx and second-degree caustic injury of the oesophagus extending to the cardia, with an uneventful recovery. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: One tablespoon, swallowed neat, burned the throat and the length of the gullet. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Oropharynx and oesophagus experimental_model: Single clinical case report with endoscopy limitations: A single case. It establishes that the same compound is corrosive at the concentration sold for cooking, which none of the dietary studies address. exposure: One tablespoon of white vinegar swallowed to dislodge a crab shell from the throat evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/12376715.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "028d663eb0bf09494f45ded6c6045d6fc40a2ac3c0ae1a3a6dab5fafef985e55", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 482, "text_sha256": "028d663eb0bf09494f45ded6c6045d6fc40a2ac3c0ae1a3a6dab5fafef985e55"} [acetate-p12376715] Corrosive oesophageal injury following vinegar ingestion. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376715/

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/9630389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1289, "text_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780"}

experimental_model

Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker

exposure

Vinegar added to a white bread reference meal matched for starch, protein and fat

limitations

Paracetamol appearance is an indirect marker of emptying. The authors state the mechanism is probably delayed emptying, which the neutralised-vinegar study in this collection argues against.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

A marker drug appeared more slowly, which was read as the stomach emptying more slowly.

primary_references

[acetate-p9630389] Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9630389/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600572

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body and stomach

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 121–132

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-emptying-explanation As judged from lowered paracetamol levels after the test meal with vinegar, the authors concluded that the mechanism is probably a delayed gastric emptying rate. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: A marker drug appeared more slowly, which was read as the stomach emptying more slowly. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker limitations: Paracetamol appearance is an indirect marker of emptying. The authors state the mechanism is probably delayed emptying, which the neutralised-vinegar study in this collection argues against. exposure: Vinegar added to a white bread reference meal matched for starch, protein and fat evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/9630389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1289, "text_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780"} [acetate-p9630389] Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9630389/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600572

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"}

experimental_model

Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others

exposure

1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread

limitations

The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

Swallowing the acid does put acetate into the blood, but less of it than the neutralised salt does.

primary_references

[acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body and stomach

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 69–80

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-ingestion-to-plasma-acetate Acetate concentrations were measured in arterialized capillary blood before and until 95 minutes after meals containing acetic acid as vinegar or sodium acetate as neutralised vinegar, and the blood acetate response over 95 minutes was markedly reduced after the acetic acid meals compared with the sodium acetate meals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Swallowing the acid does put acetate into the blood, but less of it than the neutralised salt does. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others limitations: The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small. exposure: 1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"} [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16277773.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "305aa81aca9908a350132a7c7dcc42c86be0b6030c70f51b5fe0c8971e75bcfe", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1594, "text_sha256": "305aa81aca9908a350132a7c7dcc42c86be0b6030c70f51b5fe0c8971e75bcfe"}

experimental_model

Rats meal-fed once daily for 10 days, then sampled 4, 8 or 24 hours after feeding

exposure

0.7 g/kg-diet acetic acid in a 9 g meal, with sampling across the daily cycle

limitations

Adds the time dimension that single-timepoint studies miss. The effects were present at 4 hours and the authors explicitly rule out supercompensation.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Rat

plain_language

The brake on fat burning came off for a few hours.

primary_references

[acetate-p16277773] Effect of acetic acid feeding on the circadian changes in glycogen and metabolites of glucose and lipid in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16277773/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051545

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver and skeletal muscle

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 472–483

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rats meal-fed once daily for 10 days, then sampled 4, 8 or 24 hours after feeding · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-malonyl-coa-fall At 4 hours after feeding, liver malonyl-CoA, an allosteric inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase, was significantly lower in the acetic acid group than in the control group, along with a lower serum lactate concentration and a lower ratio of insulin to glucagon, indicating the possibility of a transient enhancement of fatty acid oxidation in liver. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The brake on fat burning came off for a few hours. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Liver and skeletal muscle experimental_model: Rats meal-fed once daily for 10 days, then sampled 4, 8 or 24 hours after feeding limitations: Adds the time dimension that single-timepoint studies miss. The effects were present at 4 hours and the authors explicitly rule out supercompensation. exposure: 0.7 g/kg-diet acetic acid in a 9 g meal, with sampling across the daily cycle evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16277773.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "305aa81aca9908a350132a7c7dcc42c86be0b6030c70f51b5fe0c8971e75bcfe", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1594, "text_sha256": "305aa81aca9908a350132a7c7dcc42c86be0b6030c70f51b5fe0c8971e75bcfe"} [acetate-p16277773] Effect of acetic acid feeding on the circadian changes in glycogen and metabolites of glucose and lipid in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16277773/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051545

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16277773.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "305aa81aca9908a350132a7c7dcc42c86be0b6030c70f51b5fe0c8971e75bcfe", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1594, "text_sha256": "305aa81aca9908a350132a7c7dcc42c86be0b6030c70f51b5fe0c8971e75bcfe"}

experimental_model

Rats meal-fed once daily for 10 days, then sampled 4, 8 or 24 hours after feeding

exposure

0.7 g/kg-diet acetic acid in a 9 g meal, with sampling across the daily cycle

limitations

Adds the time dimension that single-timepoint studies miss. The effects were present at 4 hours and the authors explicitly rule out supercompensation.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Rat

plain_language

The stores refill faster but do not overfill, so this is not carbohydrate loading.

primary_references

[acetate-p16277773] Effect of acetic acid feeding on the circadian changes in glycogen and metabolites of glucose and lipid in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16277773/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051545

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver and skeletal muscle

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 459–470

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rats meal-fed once daily for 10 days, then sampled 4, 8 or 24 hours after feeding · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-no-supercompensation At 4 hours after the start of feeding the acetic acid group had significantly greater liver and gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentrations, and the authors concluded that a diet containing acetic acid may enhance glycogen repletion but not induce supercompensation, the large increase in glycogen that is beneficial in improving performance, by transitory inhibition of glycolysis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The stores refill faster but do not overfill, so this is not carbohydrate loading. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Liver and skeletal muscle experimental_model: Rats meal-fed once daily for 10 days, then sampled 4, 8 or 24 hours after feeding limitations: Adds the time dimension that single-timepoint studies miss. The effects were present at 4 hours and the authors explicitly rule out supercompensation. exposure: 0.7 g/kg-diet acetic acid in a 9 g meal, with sampling across the daily cycle evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16277773.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "305aa81aca9908a350132a7c7dcc42c86be0b6030c70f51b5fe0c8971e75bcfe", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1594, "text_sha256": "305aa81aca9908a350132a7c7dcc42c86be0b6030c70f51b5fe0c8971e75bcfe"} [acetate-p16277773] Effect of acetic acid feeding on the circadian changes in glycogen and metabolites of glucose and lipid in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16277773/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051545

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/19661687.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bcc0d712702f1a020d98a208a90656ef5429bcbfe87257559a6919d673459955", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 884, "text_sha256": "bcc0d712702f1a020d98a208a90656ef5429bcbfe87257559a6919d673459955"}

experimental_model

Double-blind randomised trial in obese Japanese subjects over 12 weeks

exposure

500 ml daily of a beverage containing 15 ml vinegar (750 mg acetic acid), 30 ml vinegar (1500 mg acetic acid), or no vinegar

limitations

The longest human exposure in this collection. A single population, and the measured endpoints are anthropometric rather than mechanistic.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

Over twelve weeks, daily vinegar lowered weight, waist, visceral fat and blood triglycerides.

primary_references

[acetate-p19661687] Vinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjects. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19661687/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90231

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 199–210

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomised trial in obese Japanese subjects over 12 weeks · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-vinegar-body-fat Body weight, body mass index, visceral fat area, waist circumference and serum triglyceride levels were significantly lower in both vinegar intake groups than in the placebo group after 12 weeks. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Over twelve weeks, daily vinegar lowered weight, waist, visceral fat and blood triglycerides. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Double-blind randomised trial in obese Japanese subjects over 12 weeks limitations: The longest human exposure in this collection. A single population, and the measured endpoints are anthropometric rather than mechanistic. exposure: 500 ml daily of a beverage containing 15 ml vinegar (750 mg acetic acid), 30 ml vinegar (1500 mg acetic acid), or no vinegar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/19661687.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bcc0d712702f1a020d98a208a90656ef5429bcbfe87257559a6919d673459955", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 884, "text_sha256": "bcc0d712702f1a020d98a208a90656ef5429bcbfe87257559a6919d673459955"} [acetate-p19661687] Vinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjects. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19661687/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90231

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16015276.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2189, "text_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3"}

experimental_model

Randomised crossover in twelve healthy volunteers with three graded vinegar doses

exposure

Vinegar supplying 18, 23 or 28 mmol acetic acid with white wheat bread containing 50 g available carbohydrate

limitations

A dose-response design. The glycaemic and insulinaemic index lowering was significant on the 90 minute incremental area but not on the 120 minute area, so the effect is on the early part of the curve.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

More acid meant a smaller glucose and insulin rise, and the effect is on the first hour and a half rather than the whole curve.

primary_references

[acetate-p16015276] Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16015276/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602197

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 134–145

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised crossover in twelve healthy volunteers with three graded vinegar doses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-vinegar-dose-response A significant dose-response relation was seen at 30 minutes for blood glucose and serum insulin, the higher the acetic acid level the lower the metabolic responses, though the glycaemic and insulinaemic index lowering was significant when calculated on the 90 minute incremental area and the corresponding 120 minute values did not differ from the reference meal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: More acid meant a smaller glucose and insulin rise, and the effect is on the first hour and a half rather than the whole curve. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Randomised crossover in twelve healthy volunteers with three graded vinegar doses limitations: A dose-response design. The glycaemic and insulinaemic index lowering was significant on the 90 minute incremental area but not on the 120 minute area, so the effect is on the early part of the curve. exposure: Vinegar supplying 18, 23 or 28 mmol acetic acid with white wheat bread containing 50 g available carbohydrate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16015276.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2189, "text_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3"} [acetate-p16015276] Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16015276/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602197

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/9630389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1289, "text_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780"}

experimental_model

Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker

exposure

Vinegar added to a white bread reference meal matched for starch, protein and fat

limitations

Paracetamol appearance is an indirect marker of emptying. The authors state the mechanism is probably delayed emptying, which the neutralised-vinegar study in this collection argues against.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

Vinegar with a starchy meal cut both the glucose and the insulin rise by about a third.

primary_references

[acetate-p9630389] Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9630389/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600572

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body and stomach

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 108–119

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-vinegar-glycaemia The presence of acetic acid given as vinegar significantly reduced the postprandial glucose and insulin responses to a starchy meal, with a glycaemic index of 64 and an insulinaemic index of 65 against the white bread reference meal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Vinegar with a starchy meal cut both the glucose and the insulin rise by about a third. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker limitations: Paracetamol appearance is an indirect marker of emptying. The authors state the mechanism is probably delayed emptying, which the neutralised-vinegar study in this collection argues against. exposure: Vinegar added to a white bread reference meal matched for starch, protein and fat evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/9630389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1289, "text_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780"} [acetate-p9630389] Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9630389/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600572

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16015276.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2189, "text_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3"}

experimental_model

Randomised crossover in twelve healthy volunteers with three graded vinegar doses

exposure

Vinegar supplying 18, 23 or 28 mmol acetic acid with white wheat bread containing 50 g available carbohydrate

limitations

A dose-response design. The glycaemic and insulinaemic index lowering was significant on the 90 minute incremental area but not on the 120 minute area, so the effect is on the early part of the curve.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

The more acid, the fuller people said they felt, and the feeling lasted two hours.

primary_references

[acetate-p16015276] Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16015276/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602197

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 147–158

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised crossover in twelve healthy volunteers with three graded vinegar doses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-vinegar-satiety The rating of satiety was directly related to the acetic acid level, with a linear dose-response relation, and the highest level of vinegar increased the satiety score at 30, 90 and 120 minutes after the meal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The more acid, the fuller people said they felt, and the feeling lasted two hours. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Randomised crossover in twelve healthy volunteers with three graded vinegar doses limitations: A dose-response design. The glycaemic and insulinaemic index lowering was significant on the 90 minute incremental area but not on the 120 minute area, so the effect is on the early part of the curve. exposure: Vinegar supplying 18, 23 or 28 mmol acetic acid with white wheat bread containing 50 g available carbohydrate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16015276.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2189, "text_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3"} [acetate-p16015276] Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16015276/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602197

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"}

experimental_model

Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others

exposure

1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread

limitations

The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

The acid form lowered blood glucose by about a third; the neutralised form did not.

primary_references

[acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body and stomach

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 82–93

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-acid-lowers-glucose The glucose response was depressed by 31.4% after the acetic acid plus bread meal with respect to the sodium acetate plus bread meal and the blank plus bread meal, and the authors concluded that a limited dose of vinegar as salad dressing significantly influences the glycaemic response by a mechanism related to acidity but not to gastric emptying. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The acid form lowered blood glucose by about a third; the neutralised form did not. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others limitations: The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small. exposure: 1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"} [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/