Native vinegar supplying free acetic acid

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others

exposure

1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread

limitations

The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

The acid form lowered blood glucose by about a third; the neutralised form did not.

primary_references

[acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body and stomach

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 82–93

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-acid-lowers-glucose The glucose response was depressed by 31.4% after the acetic acid plus bread meal with respect to the sodium acetate plus bread meal and the blank plus bread meal, and the authors concluded that a limited dose of vinegar as salad dressing significantly influences the glycaemic response by a mechanism related to acidity but not to gastric emptying. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The acid form lowered blood glucose by about a third; the neutralised form did not. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others limitations: The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small. exposure: 1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"} [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others

exposure

1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread

limitations

The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

The two forms emptied the stomach at the same rate, while only one lowered glucose.

primary_references

[acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body and stomach

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 95–106

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-emptying-not-different No difference was observed between gastric emptying times after the acetic acid plus bread meal and the sodium acetate plus bread meal, measured by ultrasonography in four subjects. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The two forms emptied the stomach at the same rate, while only one lowered glucose. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others limitations: The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small. exposure: 1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"} [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/12376715.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "028d663eb0bf09494f45ded6c6045d6fc40a2ac3c0ae1a3a6dab5fafef985e55", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 482, "text_sha256": "028d663eb0bf09494f45ded6c6045d6fc40a2ac3c0ae1a3a6dab5fafef985e55"}

experimental_model

Single clinical case report with endoscopy

exposure

One tablespoon of white vinegar swallowed to dislodge a crab shell from the throat

limitations

A single case. It establishes that the same compound is corrosive at the concentration sold for cooking, which none of the dietary studies address.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

One tablespoon, swallowed neat, burned the throat and the length of the gullet.

primary_references

[acetate-p12376715] Corrosive oesophageal injury following vinegar ingestion. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376715/

tissue_or_cell_type

Oropharynx and oesophagus

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 212–223

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single clinical case report with endoscopy · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-corrosive-injury A 39-year-old woman who drank one tablespoon of white vinegar to soften a crab shell stuck in her throat was found on endoscopy to have inflammation of the oropharynx and second-degree caustic injury of the oesophagus extending to the cardia, with an uneventful recovery. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: One tablespoon, swallowed neat, burned the throat and the length of the gullet. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Oropharynx and oesophagus experimental_model: Single clinical case report with endoscopy limitations: A single case. It establishes that the same compound is corrosive at the concentration sold for cooking, which none of the dietary studies address. exposure: One tablespoon of white vinegar swallowed to dislodge a crab shell from the throat evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/12376715.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "028d663eb0bf09494f45ded6c6045d6fc40a2ac3c0ae1a3a6dab5fafef985e55", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 482, "text_sha256": "028d663eb0bf09494f45ded6c6045d6fc40a2ac3c0ae1a3a6dab5fafef985e55"} [acetate-p12376715] Corrosive oesophageal injury following vinegar ingestion. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376715/

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"}

experimental_model

Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others

exposure

1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread

limitations

The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

Swallowing the acid does put acetate into the blood, but less of it than the neutralised salt does.

primary_references

[acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body and stomach

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 69–80

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-ingestion-to-plasma-acetate Acetate concentrations were measured in arterialized capillary blood before and until 95 minutes after meals containing acetic acid as vinegar or sodium acetate as neutralised vinegar, and the blood acetate response over 95 minutes was markedly reduced after the acetic acid meals compared with the sodium acetate meals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Swallowing the acid does put acetate into the blood, but less of it than the neutralised salt does. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others limitations: The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small. exposure: 1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"} [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/