{"id":"571c94c5-ca18-5669-9c6f-31e17145ea96","stable_key":"b26c9d01-98fd-50d3-8f39-44db46961ee5:acetate-emptying-explanation","predicate":"reduces","statement":"As judged from lowered paracetamol levels after the test meal with vinegar, the authors concluded that the mechanism is probably a delayed gastric emptying rate.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"negative","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"8711652e-922f-5a0a-9868-e6d0f9ec6a3f","mechanism_event_label":"A marker drug appeared more slowly, which was read as the stomach emptying more slowly.","subject":{"id":"236303ab-c590-5e01-bace-9f2cf05fa6fa","slug":"acetic-acid","display_name":"Acetic acid","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"},"object":{"id":"eddd10a3-a62b-54c0-95f1-87daad24e30c","slug":"paracetamol-marker","display_name":"Paracetamol appearance as a marker of gastric emptying rate","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"8711652e-922f-5a0a-9868-e6d0f9ec6a3f","stable_key":"b26c9d01-98fd-50d3-8f39-44db46961ee5:acetate-emptying-explanation-event","event_type":"observed_intervention","label":"A marker drug appeared more slowly, which was read as the stomach emptying more slowly.","description":"As judged from lowered paracetamol levels after the test meal with vinegar, the authors concluded that the mechanism is probably a delayed gastric emptying rate.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"236303ab-c590-5e01-bace-9f2cf05fa6fa","slug":"acetic-acid","display_name":"Acetic acid","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"eddd10a3-a62b-54c0-95f1-87daad24e30c","slug":"paracetamol-marker","display_name":"Paracetamol appearance as a marker of gastric emptying rate","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_span","value_text":"{\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/acetate-research/9630389.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1289, \"text_sha256\": \"03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780\"}","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"exposure","value_text":"Vinegar added to a white bread reference meal matched for starch, protein and fat","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Paracetamol appearance is an indirect marker of emptying. The authors state the mechanism is probably delayed emptying, which the neutralised-vinegar study in this collection argues against.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"acetic-acid","display_name":"Acetic acid","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Human","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"A marker drug appeared more slowly, which was read as the stomach emptying more slowly.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"[acetate-p9630389] Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9630389/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600572","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue_or_cell_type","value_text":"Whole body and stomach","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"00e9abc0-4bec-5aa0-94e3-5ad1f8db7c9c","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 121-132","start_line":121,"end_line":132,"excerpt":"### acetate-emptying-explanation\nAs judged from lowered paracetamol levels after the test meal with vinegar, the authors concluded that the mechanism is probably a delayed gastric emptying rate.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion.\nplain_language: A marker drug appeared more slowly, which was read as the stomach emptying more slowly.\norganism: Human\ntissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach\nexperimental_model: Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker\nlimitations: Paracetamol appearance is an indirect marker of emptying. The authors state the mechanism is probably delayed emptying, which the neutralised-vinegar study in this collection argues against.\nexposure: Vinegar added to a white bread reference meal matched for starch, protein and fat\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/acetate-research/9630389.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1289, \"text_sha256\": \"03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780\"}\n[acetate-p9630389] Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9630389/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600572","model_system":"Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker","directness":"author_interpretation","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact curation-document quotation, not publisher quotation. Study references: [acetate-p9630389] Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9630389/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600572","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"8356baaf-173c-5549-80cd-bbbb2007ffb5","stable_key":"import-b26c9d01-98fd-50d3-8f39-44db46961ee5","title":"Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text.","file_path":"","sha256":"1441d249b16db25c0d488407e5cc881222acffc2f16af88cb3197d9d5697bccc","revision_id":"9bfeb605-f589-5e99-84b9-e56968a3bc1f","review_status":"unverified_draft","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[{"id":"b05025cb-d413-5188-998c-523fbfd0ab99","title":"Does vinegar lower postprandial glucose by delaying gastric emptying?","kind":"contradiction","status":"open","why":"One study inferred delayed gastric emptying from lower paracetamol appearance after a vinegar meal in ten volunteers and concluded that this probably explains the improved glycaemia. A separate design compared native vinegar against the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 and measured gastric emptying directly by ultrasonography: emptying times did not differ between the two, yet only the acid form depressed the glucose response, by 31.4%. Those authors concluded the mechanism is related to acidity but not to gastric emptying. The second design also found that the form which worked better on glucose produced less blood acetate, not more, which argues against the acetate anion being the agent. Against that, it enrolled five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm, and the two studies used different markers of emptying. Which reading is correct is not established here.","resolution":"Unresolved; needs review.","created_at":"2026-09-22 01:55:55","record_type":"conflict","display_label":"Recorded conflict","record_url":"/conflicts/b05025cb-d413-5188-998c-523fbfd0ab99","sides":[{"conflict_id":"b05025cb-d413-5188-998c-523fbfd0ab99","ordinal":0,"label":"A marker drug appeared more slowly, which was read as the stomach emptying more slowly.","revision_id":"9bfeb605-f589-5e99-84b9-e56968a3bc1f","start_line":121,"end_line":132,"quote":"### acetate-emptying-explanation\nAs judged from lowered paracetamol levels after the test meal with vinegar, the authors concluded that the mechanism is probably a delayed gastric emptying rate.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion.\nplain_language: A marker drug appeared more slowly, which was read as the stomach emptying more slowly.\norganism: Human\ntissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach\nexperimental_model: Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker\nlimitations: Paracetamol appearance is an indirect marker of emptying. The authors state the mechanism is probably delayed emptying, which the neutralised-vinegar study in this collection argues against.\nexposure: Vinegar added to a white bread reference meal matched for starch, protein and fat\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/acetate-research/9630389.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1289, \"text_sha256\": \"03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780\"}\n[acetate-p9630389] Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9630389/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600572","source_key":"import-b26c9d01-98fd-50d3-8f39-44db46961ee5","source_title":"Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21)","claim_ids":["571c94c5-ca18-5669-9c6f-31e17145ea96"]},{"conflict_id":"b05025cb-d413-5188-998c-523fbfd0ab99","ordinal":1,"label":"The two forms emptied the stomach at the same rate, while only one lowered glucose.","revision_id":"9bfeb605-f589-5e99-84b9-e56968a3bc1f","start_line":95,"end_line":106,"quote":"### acetate-emptying-not-different\nNo difference was observed between gastric emptying times after the acetic acid plus bread meal and the sodium acetate plus bread meal, measured by ultrasonography in four subjects.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion.\nplain_language: The two forms emptied the stomach at the same rate, while only one lowered glucose.\norganism: Human\ntissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach\nexperimental_model: Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others\nlimitations: The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small.\nexposure: 1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1533, \"text_sha256\": \"88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f\"}\n[acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/","source_key":"import-b26c9d01-98fd-50d3-8f39-44db46961ee5","source_title":"Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21)","claim_ids":["3b73f693-8ad1-5ae2-ae64-d4658a2de0f5"]}]}],"corrections":[],"research":null}