Component

Sulfate / SO4(2-)

Sulfate / SO4(2-). Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

9 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Adding 1 mM sulfate had little effect on HEK-293T molybdate uptake signals.

    Sulfate / SO4(2-) → Cellular molybdate uptake source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23472155.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3c76154f22db125e0e3c74c1dadbb32edae742411e28763ce2116dfd2e8202f", "start_char": 21554, "end_char": 22593, "text_sha256": "79bbaf42eff93e67e445d38383c53bbd3cea5b18c2e2afee38803b40f9b5fc4c"}
    experimental_model
    MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA
    exposure
    Molybdate dose/time courses; 10 mM oxalate and 1 mM sulfate comparisons
    limitations
    FRET reports accessible molybdate, not total cofactor occupancy; mRNA knockdown does not prove complete protein depletion.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Sulfate did not strongly block this uptake route.
    primary_references
    [mo-p23472155] Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23472155/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HEK-293T cells

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 261–272

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-sulfate-uptake-null Adding 1 mM sulfate had little effect on HEK-293T molybdate uptake signals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Sulfate did not strongly block this uptake route. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: HEK-293T cells experimental_model: MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA limitations: FRET reports accessible molybdate, not total cofactor occupancy; mRNA knockdown does not prove complete protein depletion. exposure: Molybdate dose/time courses; 10 mM oxalate and 1 mM sulfate comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23472155.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3c76154f22db125e0e3c74c1dadbb32edae742411e28763ce2116dfd2e8202f", "start_char": 21554, "end_char": 22593, "text_sha256": "79bbaf42eff93e67e445d38383c53bbd3cea5b18c2e2afee38803b40f9b5fc4c"} [mo-p23472155] Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23472155/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. A randomized trial of 2.670 g/day oral agmatine sulfate for 14 days reported greater pain and quality-of-life improvements than placebo; 51 and 48 were randomized, but 31 and 30 were analyzed.

    Agmatine Sulfate → Human radiculopathy outcomes after agmatine sulfate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Lumbar disc-associated radiculopathy; double-blind placebo-controlled trial after dose escalation.
    limitations
    Short exposure and reduced analyzed sample limit inference; molecular mediation and general chronic-pain efficacy were not established.
    nutrient_topic
    Agmatine Sulfate collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Agmatine Sulfate
    plain_language
    There is limited human outcome evidence, with substantial attrition to consider.
    primary_references
    Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Agmatine Sulfate in Lumbar Disc-associated Radiculopathy. An Open-label, Dose-escalating Study Followed by a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. · 2010 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20447305/ · DOI 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00808.x

    Agmatine Sulfate: transport, guanidino metabolism, ion channels and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 436–442

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Lumbar disc-associated radiculopathy; double-blind placebo-controlled trial after dose escalation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## agmatine-sulfate-oral-clinical There is limited human outcome evidence, with substantial attrition to consider. A randomized trial of 2.670 g/day oral agmatine sulfate for 14 days reported greater pain and quality-of-life improvements than placebo; 51 and 48 were randomized, but 31 and 30 were analyzed. Model: Lumbar disc-associated radiculopathy; double-blind placebo-controlled trial after dose escalation. Limitations: Short exposure and reduced analyzed sample limit inference; molecular mediation and general chronic-pain efficacy were not established. Evidence access: Primary abstract Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Agmatine Sulfate in Lumbar Disc-associated Radiculopathy. An Open-label, Dose-escalating Study Followed by a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. · 2010 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20447305/ · DOI 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00808.x
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Three participants in the highest dose-escalation cohort reported diarrhea and mild nausea that resolved after stopping agmatine sulfate.

    Agmatine Sulfate → Human agmatine-sulfate gastrointestinal tolerability source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Open-label regimens from 1.335 to 3.560 g/day for 10–21 days preceding the randomized trial.
    limitations
    The source does not establish a safe maximum for all users or identify sulfate as the cause of the symptoms.
    nutrient_topic
    Agmatine Sulfate collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Agmatine Sulfate
    plain_language
    Tolerability at one dose and duration cannot establish universal long-term safety.
    primary_references
    Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Agmatine Sulfate in Lumbar Disc-associated Radiculopathy. An Open-label, Dose-escalating Study Followed by a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. · 2010 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20447305/ · DOI 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00808.x

    Agmatine Sulfate: transport, guanidino metabolism, ion channels and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 444–450

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Open-label regimens from 1.335 to 3.560 g/day for 10–21 days preceding the randomized trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## agmatine-sulfate-oral-tolerability Tolerability at one dose and duration cannot establish universal long-term safety. Three participants in the highest dose-escalation cohort reported diarrhea and mild nausea that resolved after stopping agmatine sulfate. Model: Open-label regimens from 1.335 to 3.560 g/day for 10–21 days preceding the randomized trial. Limitations: The source does not establish a safe maximum for all users or identify sulfate as the cause of the symptoms. Evidence access: Primary abstract Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Agmatine Sulfate in Lumbar Disc-associated Radiculopathy. An Open-label, Dose-escalating Study Followed by a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. · 2010 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20447305/ · DOI 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00808.x
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. SULT1A1 had the strongest tested sulfating activity toward 6-hydroxymelatonin.

    Human sulfotransferase 1A1 / SULT1A1 → 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin / aMT6s source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/26577053.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ab887dc7012d5f393de52ecf842b67282d51b61bac705b9ab187c1a3e24331d5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1378, "text_sha256": "ab887dc7012d5f393de52ecf842b67282d51b61bac705b9ab187c1a3e24331d5"}
    experimental_model
    Thirteen human SULT enzymes, labeled cells and tissue cytosols
    exposure
    6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin substrates; sulfate metabolic labeling
    limitations
    Enzyme ranking applies to tested conditions. Sulfation is a separate step from P450 hydroxylation; no dietary sulfur threshold was established.
    nutrient_topic
    Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Melatonin
    organism
    Human recombinant enzymes, HepG2 and Caco-2 cells
    plain_language
    The hydroxylated metabolite undergoes another reaction before common urinary measurement.
    primary_references
    [melatonin-p26577053] Sulfation of 6-hydroxymelatonin, N-acetylserotonin and 4-hydroxyramelteon by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26577053/ DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1107656
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Sulfate conjugation

    Melatonin: synthesis, receptors, circadian timing and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 630–641

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Thirteen human SULT enzymes, labeled cells and tissue cytosols · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### melatonin-sult1a1 SULT1A1 had the strongest tested sulfating activity toward 6-hydroxymelatonin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The hydroxylated metabolite undergoes another reaction before common urinary measurement. organism: Human recombinant enzymes, HepG2 and Caco-2 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Sulfate conjugation experimental_model: Thirteen human SULT enzymes, labeled cells and tissue cytosols limitations: Enzyme ranking applies to tested conditions. Sulfation is a separate step from P450 hydroxylation; no dietary sulfur threshold was established. exposure: 6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin substrates; sulfate metabolic labeling evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/26577053.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ab887dc7012d5f393de52ecf842b67282d51b61bac705b9ab187c1a3e24331d5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1378, "text_sha256": "ab887dc7012d5f393de52ecf842b67282d51b61bac705b9ab187c1a3e24331d5"} [melatonin-p26577053] Sulfation of 6-hydroxymelatonin, N-acetylserotonin and 4-hydroxyramelteon by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26577053/ DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1107656
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. SULT1C4 had the strongest tested sulfating activity toward N-acetylserotonin.

    Human sulfotransferase 1C4 / SULT1C4 → N-Acetylserotonin sulfate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/26577053.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ab887dc7012d5f393de52ecf842b67282d51b61bac705b9ab187c1a3e24331d5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1378, "text_sha256": "ab887dc7012d5f393de52ecf842b67282d51b61bac705b9ab187c1a3e24331d5"}
    experimental_model
    Thirteen human SULT enzymes, labeled cells and tissue cytosols
    exposure
    6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin substrates; sulfate metabolic labeling
    limitations
    Enzyme ranking applies to tested conditions. Sulfation is a separate step from P450 hydroxylation; no dietary sulfur threshold was established.
    nutrient_topic
    Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Melatonin
    organism
    Human recombinant enzymes, HepG2 and Caco-2 cells
    plain_language
    The precursor has its own conjugation route, separate from melatonin methylation.
    primary_references
    [melatonin-p26577053] Sulfation of 6-hydroxymelatonin, N-acetylserotonin and 4-hydroxyramelteon by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26577053/ DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1107656
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Sulfate conjugation

    Melatonin: synthesis, receptors, circadian timing and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 643–654

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Thirteen human SULT enzymes, labeled cells and tissue cytosols · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### melatonin-sult1c4 SULT1C4 had the strongest tested sulfating activity toward N-acetylserotonin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The precursor has its own conjugation route, separate from melatonin methylation. organism: Human recombinant enzymes, HepG2 and Caco-2 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Sulfate conjugation experimental_model: Thirteen human SULT enzymes, labeled cells and tissue cytosols limitations: Enzyme ranking applies to tested conditions. Sulfation is a separate step from P450 hydroxylation; no dietary sulfur threshold was established. exposure: 6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin substrates; sulfate metabolic labeling evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/26577053.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ab887dc7012d5f393de52ecf842b67282d51b61bac705b9ab187c1a3e24331d5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1378, "text_sha256": "ab887dc7012d5f393de52ecf842b67282d51b61bac705b9ab187c1a3e24331d5"} [melatonin-p26577053] Sulfation of 6-hydroxymelatonin, N-acetylserotonin and 4-hydroxyramelteon by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26577053/ DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1107656
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. After 30 mg/kg intravenous fisetin in rats, plasma AUC ratios for free fisetin, glucuronides and sulfates were approximately 1:6:21.

    Fisetin → Fisetin sulfates, unresolved positional pool source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Male Sprague-Dawley rats; phase-II analytical pools.
    limitations
    No particular human SULT or UGT isoform is established by this result.
    nutrient_topic
    Fisetin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Fisetin
    plain_language
    Most measured circulating material was conjugated.
    primary_references
    Pharmacokinetics and Biliary Excretion of Fisetin in Rats. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29862816/ · DOI 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00917

    Fisetin: metabolism, cell-state responses and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 56–62

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Male Sprague-Dawley rats; phase-II analytical pools. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## fisetin-rat-conjugate-dominance Most measured circulating material was conjugated. After 30 mg/kg intravenous fisetin in rats, plasma AUC ratios for free fisetin, glucuronides and sulfates were approximately 1:6:21. Model: Male Sprague-Dawley rats; phase-II analytical pools. Limitations: No particular human SULT or UGT isoform is established by this result. Evidence access: Primary abstract Pharmacokinetics and Biliary Excretion of Fisetin in Rats. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29862816/ · DOI 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00917
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Human sulfite oxidase converts sulfite to sulfate in the terminal oxidative step of cysteine catabolism.

    Human sulfite oxidase / SUOX → Sulfite / SO3(2-) source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/31127934.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d0efd64e9cde371d0223d63607f5f6b76aada3a628c526f915d9b306c9bef7de", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1649, "text_sha256": "d0efd64e9cde371d0223d63607f5f6b76aada3a628c526f915d9b306c9bef7de"}
    experimental_model
    Human SUOX Gly362Ser patient fibroblasts and recombinant enzyme maturation assays
    exposure
    G362S versus WT protein; Moco reconstitution and molybdate supplementation in culture
    limitations
    One genotype; in-vitro molybdate rescue is not demonstrated clinical treatment for all SUOX defects.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    SUOX clears sulfite by changing it into sulfate.
    primary_references
    [mo-p31127934] Impaired mitochondrial maturation of sulfite oxidase in a patient with severe sulfite oxidase deficiency. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31127934/ DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz109
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Mitochondrial intermembrane space; patient fibroblasts

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 586–597

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human SUOX Gly362Ser patient fibroblasts and recombinant enzyme maturation assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-suox-reaction Human sulfite oxidase converts sulfite to sulfate in the terminal oxidative step of cysteine catabolism. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: SUOX clears sulfite by changing it into sulfate. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Mitochondrial intermembrane space; patient fibroblasts experimental_model: Human SUOX Gly362Ser patient fibroblasts and recombinant enzyme maturation assays limitations: One genotype; in-vitro molybdate rescue is not demonstrated clinical treatment for all SUOX defects. exposure: G362S versus WT protein; Moco reconstitution and molybdate supplementation in culture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/31127934.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d0efd64e9cde371d0223d63607f5f6b76aada3a628c526f915d9b306c9bef7de", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1649, "text_sha256": "d0efd64e9cde371d0223d63607f5f6b76aada3a628c526f915d9b306c9bef7de"} [mo-p31127934] Impaired mitochondrial maturation of sulfite oxidase in a patient with severe sulfite oxidase deficiency. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31127934/ DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz109
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. The prolonged-TPN case developed amino-acid intolerance with high plasma methionine, high urinary sulfite/thiosulfate and low urinary sulfate.

    Molybdenum → Amino-acid intolerance during parenteral nutrition source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/6795919.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1820, "text_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7"}
    experimental_model
    Single case during prolonged total parenteral nutrition
    exposure
    Prolonged parenteral nutrition followed by ammonium molybdate
    limitations
    Rare single case. The paper reports 300 micrograms/day ammonium molybdate, not 300 micrograms elemental molybdenum. Historical observation, not a general regimen.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The sulfur-handling pathway stalled when molybdenum supply was inadequate.
    primary_references
    [mo-p6795919] Amino acid intolerance during prolonged total parenteral nutrition reversed by molybdate therapy. (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6795919/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/34.11.2551
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Systemic symptoms; plasma and urine
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1119–1130

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single case during prolonged total parenteral nutrition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-tpn-sulfur The prolonged-TPN case developed amino-acid intolerance with high plasma methionine, high urinary sulfite/thiosulfate and low urinary sulfate. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The sulfur-handling pathway stalled when molybdenum supply was inadequate. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic symptoms; plasma and urine experimental_model: Single case during prolonged total parenteral nutrition limitations: Rare single case. The paper reports 300 micrograms/day ammonium molybdate, not 300 micrograms elemental molybdenum. Historical observation, not a general regimen. exposure: Prolonged parenteral nutrition followed by ammonium molybdate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/6795919.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1820, "text_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7"} [mo-p6795919] Amino acid intolerance during prolonged total parenteral nutrition reversed by molybdate therapy. (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6795919/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/34.11.2551
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. Tungstate inhibited HsMOT2-dependent molybdate uptake in yeast; 1 mM sulfate had little effect.

    Tungstate / WO4(2-) → Human MFSD5 / HsMOT2 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/21464289.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "861076d0403540a9fe3ad941cd7c0807224cb9323da6d8179546e9983f782cc7", "start_char": 18693, "end_char": 18917, "text_sha256": "df769097827247aa8c9b82a5877b016a6977021d43424f2deed3aad684c51688"}
    experimental_model
    Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments
    exposure
    Molybdate uptake assays and oxyanion comparisons
    limitations
    The text and figure use different tungstate concentrations; no exact tungstate dose is assigned here. Yeast assay, not human dietary competition.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Human protein in yeast; Chlamydomonas experiments separately
    plain_language
    Tungstate competed in this transporter assay, while sulfate had little effect.
    primary_references
    [mo-p21464289] Algae and humans share a molybdate transporter. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21464289/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100700108
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Heterologous membrane transport

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 209–220

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-tungstate-transport Tungstate inhibited HsMOT2-dependent molybdate uptake in yeast; 1 mM sulfate had little effect. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Tungstate competed in this transporter assay, while sulfate had little effect. organism: Human protein in yeast; Chlamydomonas experiments separately tissue_or_cell_type: Heterologous membrane transport experimental_model: Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments limitations: The text and figure use different tungstate concentrations; no exact tungstate dose is assigned here. Yeast assay, not human dietary competition. exposure: Molybdate uptake assays and oxyanion comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/21464289.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "861076d0403540a9fe3ad941cd7c0807224cb9323da6d8179546e9983f782cc7", "start_char": 18693, "end_char": 18917, "text_sha256": "df769097827247aa8c9b82a5877b016a6977021d43424f2deed3aad684c51688"} [mo-p21464289] Algae and humans share a molybdate transporter. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21464289/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100700108
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

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