Component

Molybdenum

Molybdenum. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

11 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Measured molybdenum absorption was 88-93% across the five controlled dietary intakes.

    Molybdenum → Intestinal molybdenum absorption source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/7572711.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5f16c3a9bbe66f2f03456d8d374ccaf6ad6af8ddede86d662529567ce840f96e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1336, "text_sha256": "5f16c3a9bbe66f2f03456d8d374ccaf6ad6af8ddede86d662529567ce840f96e"}
    experimental_model
    Stable-isotope balance study, four young men, five 24-day intake periods
    exposure
    22-1490 micrograms molybdenum/day
    limitations
    Small short study in healthy young men; absence of observed harm is not a population safety limit.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Most of the molybdenum in these controlled diets was absorbed.
    primary_references
    [mo-p7572711] Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men at five intakes of dietary molybdenum. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7572711/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/62.4.790
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole-body absorption, urine and feces

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 118–129

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stable-isotope balance study, four young men, five 24-day intake periods · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-absorption Measured molybdenum absorption was 88-93% across the five controlled dietary intakes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Most of the molybdenum in these controlled diets was absorbed. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body absorption, urine and feces experimental_model: Stable-isotope balance study, four young men, five 24-day intake periods limitations: Small short study in healthy young men; absence of observed harm is not a population safety limit. exposure: 22-1490 micrograms molybdenum/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/7572711.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5f16c3a9bbe66f2f03456d8d374ccaf6ad6af8ddede86d662529567ce840f96e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1336, "text_sha256": "5f16c3a9bbe66f2f03456d8d374ccaf6ad6af8ddede86d662529567ce840f96e"} [mo-p7572711] Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men at five intakes of dietary molybdenum. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7572711/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/62.4.790
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The compartmental model estimated food-bound molybdenum to be approximately 16% less bioavailable than purified molybdenum.

    Molybdenum → Intestinal molybdenum absorption source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/16549456.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c6337cd055a31e872ec0f2b24ea7419d5263cdcc6285cbc635e1ffe8f692468", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1679, "text_sha256": "7c6337cd055a31e872ec0f2b24ea7419d5263cdcc6285cbc635e1ffe8f692468"}
    experimental_model
    Compartmental reanalysis of four-man depletion/repletion tracer experiment
    exposure
    102 days at 22 micrograms/day; 18 days at 467 micrograms/day
    limitations
    Model estimates and adaptations, not an independent clinical trial or universal blood threshold.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Chemical form and the food matrix affected the modeled amount available.
    primary_references
    [mo-p16549456] Molybdenum kinetics in men differ during molybdenum depletion and repletion. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16549456/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.4.953
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Plasma, urine, feces and modeled tissue pools

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 183–194

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Compartmental reanalysis of four-man depletion/repletion tracer experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-food-bioavailability The compartmental model estimated food-bound molybdenum to be approximately 16% less bioavailable than purified molybdenum. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Chemical form and the food matrix affected the modeled amount available. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma, urine, feces and modeled tissue pools experimental_model: Compartmental reanalysis of four-man depletion/repletion tracer experiment limitations: Model estimates and adaptations, not an independent clinical trial or universal blood threshold. exposure: 102 days at 22 micrograms/day; 18 days at 467 micrograms/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/16549456.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c6337cd055a31e872ec0f2b24ea7419d5263cdcc6285cbc635e1ffe8f692468", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1679, "text_sha256": "7c6337cd055a31e872ec0f2b24ea7419d5263cdcc6285cbc635e1ffe8f692468"} [mo-p16549456] Molybdenum kinetics in men differ during molybdenum depletion and repletion. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16549456/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.4.953
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Modeled fractional tissue storage was lower during repletion than during depletion, while urinary elimination increased.

    Molybdenum → Fractional molybdenum tissue retention source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/16549456.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c6337cd055a31e872ec0f2b24ea7419d5263cdcc6285cbc635e1ffe8f692468", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1679, "text_sha256": "7c6337cd055a31e872ec0f2b24ea7419d5263cdcc6285cbc635e1ffe8f692468"}
    experimental_model
    Compartmental reanalysis of four-man depletion/repletion tracer experiment
    exposure
    102 days at 22 micrograms/day; 18 days at 467 micrograms/day
    limitations
    Model estimates and adaptations, not an independent clinical trial or universal blood threshold.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Higher intake did not translate proportionally into more tissue storage.
    primary_references
    [mo-p16549456] Molybdenum kinetics in men differ during molybdenum depletion and repletion. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16549456/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.4.953
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Plasma, urine, feces and modeled tissue pools

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 170–181

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Compartmental reanalysis of four-man depletion/repletion tracer experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-fractional-retention Modeled fractional tissue storage was lower during repletion than during depletion, while urinary elimination increased. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Higher intake did not translate proportionally into more tissue storage. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma, urine, feces and modeled tissue pools experimental_model: Compartmental reanalysis of four-man depletion/repletion tracer experiment limitations: Model estimates and adaptations, not an independent clinical trial or universal blood threshold. exposure: 102 days at 22 micrograms/day; 18 days at 467 micrograms/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/16549456.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c6337cd055a31e872ec0f2b24ea7419d5263cdcc6285cbc635e1ffe8f692468", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1679, "text_sha256": "7c6337cd055a31e872ec0f2b24ea7419d5263cdcc6285cbc635e1ffe8f692468"} [mo-p16549456] Molybdenum kinetics in men differ during molybdenum depletion and repletion. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16549456/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.4.953
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. At 22 micrograms/day, molybdenum turnover slowed and balance improved with time, although balance was not consistently achieved.

    Molybdenum → Human molybdenum balance source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/7733035.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a566c89562d46c98608ced96cc37d0e248deede57a8164ed8bb993c2d8818bc6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1265, "text_sha256": "a566c89562d46c98608ced96cc37d0e248deede57a8164ed8bb993c2d8818bc6"}
    experimental_model
    Stable-isotope depletion/repletion study in four young men
    exposure
    22 micrograms/day for 102 days, then 467 micrograms/day for 18 days
    limitations
    Negative balance is not the same as symptomatic deficiency; requirement estimates are specific to this small cohort.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The body conserved molybdenum during prolonged low intake.
    primary_references
    [mo-p7733035] Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men during depletion and repletion. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7733035/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/61.4.1102
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole-body molybdenum balance
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 144–155

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stable-isotope depletion/repletion study in four young men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-low-intake-conservation At 22 micrograms/day, molybdenum turnover slowed and balance improved with time, although balance was not consistently achieved. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The body conserved molybdenum during prolonged low intake. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body molybdenum balance experimental_model: Stable-isotope depletion/repletion study in four young men limitations: Negative balance is not the same as symptomatic deficiency; requirement estimates are specific to this small cohort. exposure: 22 micrograms/day for 102 days, then 467 micrograms/day for 18 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/7733035.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a566c89562d46c98608ced96cc37d0e248deede57a8164ed8bb993c2d8818bc6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1265, "text_sha256": "a566c89562d46c98608ced96cc37d0e248deede57a8164ed8bb993c2d8818bc6"} [mo-p7733035] Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men during depletion and repletion. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7733035/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/61.4.1102
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. No clinical signs of molybdenum deficiency were observed during the 102-day low-intake phase.

    Molybdenum → Human molybdenum balance source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/7733035.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a566c89562d46c98608ced96cc37d0e248deede57a8164ed8bb993c2d8818bc6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1265, "text_sha256": "a566c89562d46c98608ced96cc37d0e248deede57a8164ed8bb993c2d8818bc6"}
    experimental_model
    Stable-isotope depletion/repletion study in four young men
    exposure
    22 micrograms/day for 102 days, then 467 micrograms/day for 18 days
    limitations
    Negative balance is not the same as symptomatic deficiency; requirement estimates are specific to this small cohort.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Low intake in this experiment did not produce the severe genetic-deficiency syndrome.
    primary_references
    [mo-p7733035] Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men during depletion and repletion. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7733035/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/61.4.1102
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole-body molybdenum balance
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 157–168

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stable-isotope depletion/repletion study in four young men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-low-intake-no-syndrome No clinical signs of molybdenum deficiency were observed during the 102-day low-intake phase. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Low intake in this experiment did not produce the severe genetic-deficiency syndrome. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body molybdenum balance experimental_model: Stable-isotope depletion/repletion study in four young men limitations: Negative balance is not the same as symptomatic deficiency; requirement estimates are specific to this small cohort. exposure: 22 micrograms/day for 102 days, then 467 micrograms/day for 18 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/7733035.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a566c89562d46c98608ced96cc37d0e248deede57a8164ed8bb993c2d8818bc6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1265, "text_sha256": "a566c89562d46c98608ced96cc37d0e248deede57a8164ed8bb993c2d8818bc6"} [mo-p7733035] Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men during depletion and repletion. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7733035/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/61.4.1102
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. The same patient had low serum urate with increased urinary hypoxanthine and xanthine.

    Molybdenum → Serum urate concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/6795919.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1820, "text_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7"}
    experimental_model
    Single case during prolonged total parenteral nutrition
    exposure
    Prolonged parenteral nutrition followed by ammonium molybdate
    limitations
    Rare single case. The paper reports 300 micrograms/day ammonium molybdate, not 300 micrograms elemental molybdenum. Historical observation, not a general regimen.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    A second molybdenum-dependent pathway was also impaired.
    primary_references
    [mo-p6795919] Amino acid intolerance during prolonged total parenteral nutrition reversed by molybdate therapy. (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6795919/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/34.11.2551
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Systemic symptoms; plasma and urine
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1132–1143

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single case during prolonged total parenteral nutrition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-tpn-purines The same patient had low serum urate with increased urinary hypoxanthine and xanthine. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second molybdenum-dependent pathway was also impaired. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic symptoms; plasma and urine experimental_model: Single case during prolonged total parenteral nutrition limitations: Rare single case. The paper reports 300 micrograms/day ammonium molybdate, not 300 micrograms elemental molybdenum. Historical observation, not a general regimen. exposure: Prolonged parenteral nutrition followed by ammonium molybdate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/6795919.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1820, "text_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7"} [mo-p6795919] Amino acid intolerance during prolonged total parenteral nutrition reversed by molybdate therapy. (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6795919/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/34.11.2551
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. The prolonged-TPN case developed amino-acid intolerance with high plasma methionine, high urinary sulfite/thiosulfate and low urinary sulfate.

    Molybdenum → Amino-acid intolerance during parenteral nutrition source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/6795919.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1820, "text_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7"}
    experimental_model
    Single case during prolonged total parenteral nutrition
    exposure
    Prolonged parenteral nutrition followed by ammonium molybdate
    limitations
    Rare single case. The paper reports 300 micrograms/day ammonium molybdate, not 300 micrograms elemental molybdenum. Historical observation, not a general regimen.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The sulfur-handling pathway stalled when molybdenum supply was inadequate.
    primary_references
    [mo-p6795919] Amino acid intolerance during prolonged total parenteral nutrition reversed by molybdate therapy. (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6795919/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/34.11.2551
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Systemic symptoms; plasma and urine
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1119–1130

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single case during prolonged total parenteral nutrition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-tpn-sulfur The prolonged-TPN case developed amino-acid intolerance with high plasma methionine, high urinary sulfite/thiosulfate and low urinary sulfate. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The sulfur-handling pathway stalled when molybdenum supply was inadequate. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic symptoms; plasma and urine experimental_model: Single case during prolonged total parenteral nutrition limitations: Rare single case. The paper reports 300 micrograms/day ammonium molybdate, not 300 micrograms elemental molybdenum. Historical observation, not a general regimen. exposure: Prolonged parenteral nutrition followed by ammonium molybdate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/6795919.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1820, "text_sha256": "d2838a46a598539818059c1a1f8295e283334afced15326a6b5ba1a6104cbfd7"} [mo-p6795919] Amino acid intolerance during prolonged total parenteral nutrition reversed by molybdate therapy. (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6795919/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/34.11.2551
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. Both the amount and percentage of molybdenum excreted in urine rose with dietary intake.

    Molybdenum → Urinary molybdenum excretion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/7572711.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5f16c3a9bbe66f2f03456d8d374ccaf6ad6af8ddede86d662529567ce840f96e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1336, "text_sha256": "5f16c3a9bbe66f2f03456d8d374ccaf6ad6af8ddede86d662529567ce840f96e"}
    experimental_model
    Stable-isotope balance study, four young men, five 24-day intake periods
    exposure
    22-1490 micrograms molybdenum/day
    limitations
    Small short study in healthy young men; absence of observed harm is not a population safety limit.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The kidneys released more molybdenum when more was supplied.
    primary_references
    [mo-p7572711] Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men at five intakes of dietary molybdenum. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7572711/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/62.4.790
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole-body absorption, urine and feces

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 131–142

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stable-isotope balance study, four young men, five 24-day intake periods · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-urinary-control Both the amount and percentage of molybdenum excreted in urine rose with dietary intake. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The kidneys released more molybdenum when more was supplied. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body absorption, urine and feces experimental_model: Stable-isotope balance study, four young men, five 24-day intake periods limitations: Small short study in healthy young men; absence of observed harm is not a population safety limit. exposure: 22-1490 micrograms molybdenum/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/7572711.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5f16c3a9bbe66f2f03456d8d374ccaf6ad6af8ddede86d662529567ce840f96e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1336, "text_sha256": "5f16c3a9bbe66f2f03456d8d374ccaf6ad6af8ddede86d662529567ce840f96e"} [mo-p7572711] Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men at five intakes of dietary molybdenum. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7572711/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/62.4.790
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. The gephyrin E domain catalyzes molybdate incorporation during ATP-dependent Moco synthesis.

    Mammalian gephyrin E domain → Molybdate / MoO4(2-) source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23163752.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "909388cf5fb7bfa5d2f8444644e20773a7a8ec6a19b4ccb8a4bda78d9ad17c5d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1489, "text_sha256": "909388cf5fb7bfa5d2f8444644e20773a7a8ec6a19b4ccb8a4bda78d9ad17c5d"}
    experimental_model
    Purified mammalian gephyrin domains and full multidomain protein; in-vitro Moco reconstitution
    exposure
    MPT adenylation, molybdate insertion and domain-combination assays
    limitations
    No human dietary magnesium intervention; purified domain kinetics should not be turned into supplementation efficacy.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Mammalian protein system
    plain_language
    Molybdenum becomes useful to these enzymes only after being inserted into its cofactor.
    primary_references
    [mo-p23163752] Metal insertion into the molybdenum cofactor: product-substrate channelling demonstrates the functional origin of domain fusion in gephyrin. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23163752/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20121078
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Purified gephyrin

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 495–506

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified mammalian gephyrin domains and full multidomain protein; in-vitro Moco reconstitution · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-gphn-insertion The gephyrin E domain catalyzes molybdate incorporation during ATP-dependent Moco synthesis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Molybdenum becomes useful to these enzymes only after being inserted into its cofactor. organism: Mammalian protein system tissue_or_cell_type: Purified gephyrin experimental_model: Purified mammalian gephyrin domains and full multidomain protein; in-vitro Moco reconstitution limitations: No human dietary magnesium intervention; purified domain kinetics should not be turned into supplementation efficacy. exposure: MPT adenylation, molybdate insertion and domain-combination assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23163752.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "909388cf5fb7bfa5d2f8444644e20773a7a8ec6a19b4ccb8a4bda78d9ad17c5d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1489, "text_sha256": "909388cf5fb7bfa5d2f8444644e20773a7a8ec6a19b4ccb8a4bda78d9ad17c5d"} [mo-p23163752] Metal insertion into the molybdenum cofactor: product-substrate channelling demonstrates the functional origin of domain fusion in gephyrin. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23163752/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20121078
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Replacing molybdenum with tungsten during recombinant mARC1 production abolished NO formation.

    Tungsten-substituted recombinant human MTARC1 → NO source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/24500710.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b"}
    experimental_model
    Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression
    exposure
    Reduced enzyme, nitrite, NADH/CYB5/CYB5R; pH 7.5 versus 6.5
    limitations
    Shows nitrite-reducing capacity; its share of NO production in normal people and response to mineral intake are not established.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens proteins and HEK cells
    plain_language
    A chemically similar metal could not replace molybdenum in this reaction.
    primary_references
    [mo-p24500710] Nitrite reductase and nitric-oxide synthase activity of the mitochondrial molybdopterin enzymes mARC1 and mARC2. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500710/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555177
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Purified redox system and human cell model
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1080–1091

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-marc-tungsten Replacing molybdenum with tungsten during recombinant mARC1 production abolished NO formation. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A chemically similar metal could not replace molybdenum in this reaction. organism: Homo sapiens proteins and HEK cells tissue_or_cell_type: Purified redox system and human cell model experimental_model: Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression limitations: Shows nitrite-reducing capacity; its share of NO production in normal people and response to mineral intake are not established. exposure: Reduced enzyme, nitrite, NADH/CYB5/CYB5R; pH 7.5 versus 6.5 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/24500710.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b"} [mo-p24500710] Nitrite reductase and nitric-oxide synthase activity of the mitochondrial molybdopterin enzymes mARC1 and mARC2. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500710/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555177
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Human HsMOT2/MFSD5 expression supported molybdate uptake in yeast, with an apparent affinity near 550 nM.

    Human MFSD5 / HsMOT2 → Molybdate / MoO4(2-) source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/21464289.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d2ba286dba58f70f8a9e9a4f61259329ed5f458d5c4b1e9cd13c64df916f300d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1707, "text_sha256": "d2ba286dba58f70f8a9e9a4f61259329ed5f458d5c4b1e9cd13c64df916f300d"}
    experimental_model
    Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments
    exposure
    Molybdate uptake assays and oxyanion comparisons
    limitations
    Establishes transport capacity in yeast; does not identify the dominant intestinal or renal transporter in people.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Human protein in yeast; Chlamydomonas experiments separately
    plain_language
    A human protein can carry molybdate when tested in yeast.
    primary_references
    [mo-p21464289] Algae and humans share a molybdate transporter. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21464289/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100700108
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Heterologous membrane transport

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 196–207

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-mfsd5-uptake Human HsMOT2/MFSD5 expression supported molybdate uptake in yeast, with an apparent affinity near 550 nM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A human protein can carry molybdate when tested in yeast. organism: Human protein in yeast; Chlamydomonas experiments separately tissue_or_cell_type: Heterologous membrane transport experimental_model: Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments limitations: Establishes transport capacity in yeast; does not identify the dominant intestinal or renal transporter in people. exposure: Molybdate uptake assays and oxyanion comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/21464289.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d2ba286dba58f70f8a9e9a4f61259329ed5f458d5c4b1e9cd13c64df916f300d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1707, "text_sha256": "d2ba286dba58f70f8a9e9a4f61259329ed5f458d5c4b1e9cd13c64df916f300d"} [mo-p21464289] Algae and humans share a molybdate transporter. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21464289/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100700108
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards