Component

Molybdate / MoO4(2-)

Molybdate / MoO4(2-). Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

9 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Radiotracer experiments directly detected tri- and tetrathiomolybdate formation in the sheep rumen after molybdate administration.

    Molybdate / MoO4(2-) → Tetrathiomolybdate / MoS4(2-) source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/3620434.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ef45902ca0d465ae0c4c59c2f669a74137ba1b0f64d7aff5502c2cf57154ef25", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1324, "text_sha256": "ef45902ca0d465ae0c4c59c2f669a74137ba1b0f64d7aff5502c2cf57154ef25"}
    experimental_model
    Radiolabeled molybdate/thiomolybdate administered into sheep rumen
    exposure
    Grass diet plus intraruminal 99Mo compounds
    limitations
    Ruminant sulfur chemistry cannot be assumed to occur to the same extent in the human gut.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Ovis aries
    plain_language
    Rumen microbes create copper-interacting forms under these animal conditions.
    primary_references
    [mo-p3620434] Identification of thiomolybdates in digesta and plasma from sheep after administration of 99Mo-labelled compounds into the rumen. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3620434/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19870076
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Rumen, intestinal digesta and plasma

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1626–1637

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled molybdate/thiomolybdate administered into sheep rumen · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-rumen-thiomolybdates Radiotracer experiments directly detected tri- and tetrathiomolybdate formation in the sheep rumen after molybdate administration. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Rumen microbes create copper-interacting forms under these animal conditions. organism: Ovis aries tissue_or_cell_type: Rumen, intestinal digesta and plasma experimental_model: Radiolabeled molybdate/thiomolybdate administered into sheep rumen limitations: Ruminant sulfur chemistry cannot be assumed to occur to the same extent in the human gut. exposure: Grass diet plus intraruminal 99Mo compounds evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/3620434.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ef45902ca0d465ae0c4c59c2f669a74137ba1b0f64d7aff5502c2cf57154ef25", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1324, "text_sha256": "ef45902ca0d465ae0c4c59c2f669a74137ba1b0f64d7aff5502c2cf57154ef25"} [mo-p3620434] Identification of thiomolybdates in digesta and plasma from sheep after administration of 99Mo-labelled compounds into the rumen. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3620434/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19870076
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Adding molybdate to culture medium partially rescued Moco binding and restored detectable SUOX activity in the G362S patient fibroblasts.

    Molybdate / MoO4(2-) → Human SUOX p.Gly362Ser source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/31127934.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d0efd64e9cde371d0223d63607f5f6b76aada3a628c526f915d9b306c9bef7de", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1649, "text_sha256": "d0efd64e9cde371d0223d63607f5f6b76aada3a628c526f915d9b306c9bef7de"}
    experimental_model
    Human SUOX Gly362Ser patient fibroblasts and recombinant enzyme maturation assays
    exposure
    G362S versus WT protein; Moco reconstitution and molybdate supplementation in culture
    limitations
    Cell-culture rescue of one variant; no oral dose, clinical efficacy or universal rescue is established.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Extra molybdate helped this particular cellular maturation defect.
    primary_references
    [mo-p31127934] Impaired mitochondrial maturation of sulfite oxidase in a patient with severe sulfite oxidase deficiency. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31127934/ DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz109
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Mitochondrial intermembrane space; patient fibroblasts
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 625–636

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human SUOX Gly362Ser patient fibroblasts and recombinant enzyme maturation assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-suox-g362s-rescue Adding molybdate to culture medium partially rescued Moco binding and restored detectable SUOX activity in the G362S patient fibroblasts. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Extra molybdate helped this particular cellular maturation defect. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Mitochondrial intermembrane space; patient fibroblasts experimental_model: Human SUOX Gly362Ser patient fibroblasts and recombinant enzyme maturation assays limitations: Cell-culture rescue of one variant; no oral dose, clinical efficacy or universal rescue is established. exposure: G362S versus WT protein; Moco reconstitution and molybdate supplementation in culture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/31127934.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d0efd64e9cde371d0223d63607f5f6b76aada3a628c526f915d9b306c9bef7de", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1649, "text_sha256": "d0efd64e9cde371d0223d63607f5f6b76aada3a628c526f915d9b306c9bef7de"} [mo-p31127934] Impaired mitochondrial maturation of sulfite oxidase in a patient with severe sulfite oxidase deficiency. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31127934/ DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz109
    Complete structured claim and evidence

What acts on it

  1. The gephyrin E domain catalyzes molybdate incorporation during ATP-dependent Moco synthesis.

    Mammalian gephyrin E domain → Molybdate / MoO4(2-) source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23163752.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "909388cf5fb7bfa5d2f8444644e20773a7a8ec6a19b4ccb8a4bda78d9ad17c5d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1489, "text_sha256": "909388cf5fb7bfa5d2f8444644e20773a7a8ec6a19b4ccb8a4bda78d9ad17c5d"}
    experimental_model
    Purified mammalian gephyrin domains and full multidomain protein; in-vitro Moco reconstitution
    exposure
    MPT adenylation, molybdate insertion and domain-combination assays
    limitations
    No human dietary magnesium intervention; purified domain kinetics should not be turned into supplementation efficacy.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Mammalian protein system
    plain_language
    Molybdenum becomes useful to these enzymes only after being inserted into its cofactor.
    primary_references
    [mo-p23163752] Metal insertion into the molybdenum cofactor: product-substrate channelling demonstrates the functional origin of domain fusion in gephyrin. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23163752/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20121078
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Purified gephyrin

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 495–506

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified mammalian gephyrin domains and full multidomain protein; in-vitro Moco reconstitution · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-gphn-insertion The gephyrin E domain catalyzes molybdate incorporation during ATP-dependent Moco synthesis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Molybdenum becomes useful to these enzymes only after being inserted into its cofactor. organism: Mammalian protein system tissue_or_cell_type: Purified gephyrin experimental_model: Purified mammalian gephyrin domains and full multidomain protein; in-vitro Moco reconstitution limitations: No human dietary magnesium intervention; purified domain kinetics should not be turned into supplementation efficacy. exposure: MPT adenylation, molybdate insertion and domain-combination assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23163752.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "909388cf5fb7bfa5d2f8444644e20773a7a8ec6a19b4ccb8a4bda78d9ad17c5d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1489, "text_sha256": "909388cf5fb7bfa5d2f8444644e20773a7a8ec6a19b4ccb8a4bda78d9ad17c5d"} [mo-p23163752] Metal insertion into the molybdenum cofactor: product-substrate channelling demonstrates the functional origin of domain fusion in gephyrin. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23163752/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20121078
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Human HsMOT2/MFSD5 expression supported molybdate uptake in yeast, with an apparent affinity near 550 nM.

    Human MFSD5 / HsMOT2 → Molybdate / MoO4(2-) source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/21464289.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d2ba286dba58f70f8a9e9a4f61259329ed5f458d5c4b1e9cd13c64df916f300d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1707, "text_sha256": "d2ba286dba58f70f8a9e9a4f61259329ed5f458d5c4b1e9cd13c64df916f300d"}
    experimental_model
    Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments
    exposure
    Molybdate uptake assays and oxyanion comparisons
    limitations
    Establishes transport capacity in yeast; does not identify the dominant intestinal or renal transporter in people.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Human protein in yeast; Chlamydomonas experiments separately
    plain_language
    A human protein can carry molybdate when tested in yeast.
    primary_references
    [mo-p21464289] Algae and humans share a molybdate transporter. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21464289/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100700108
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Heterologous membrane transport

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 196–207

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-mfsd5-uptake Human HsMOT2/MFSD5 expression supported molybdate uptake in yeast, with an apparent affinity near 550 nM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A human protein can carry molybdate when tested in yeast. organism: Human protein in yeast; Chlamydomonas experiments separately tissue_or_cell_type: Heterologous membrane transport experimental_model: Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments limitations: Establishes transport capacity in yeast; does not identify the dominant intestinal or renal transporter in people. exposure: Molybdate uptake assays and oxyanion comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/21464289.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d2ba286dba58f70f8a9e9a4f61259329ed5f458d5c4b1e9cd13c64df916f300d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1707, "text_sha256": "d2ba286dba58f70f8a9e9a4f61259329ed5f458d5c4b1e9cd13c64df916f300d"} [mo-p21464289] Algae and humans share a molybdate transporter. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21464289/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100700108
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Reducing MFSD5 mRNA to 11-35% of control did not reduce molybdate uptake signals at the tested doses.

    Human MFSD5 / HsMOT2 → Cellular molybdate uptake source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23472155.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3c76154f22db125e0e3c74c1dadbb32edae742411e28763ce2116dfd2e8202f", "start_char": 23464, "end_char": 24197, "text_sha256": "442fa593fda3c65b9c6391a3030401fd13548679459d4ccd58ea4da88d9fdfc6"}
    experimental_model
    MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA
    exposure
    Molybdate dose/time courses; 10 mM oxalate and 1 mM sulfate comparisons
    limitations
    FRET reports accessible molybdate, not total cofactor occupancy; mRNA knockdown does not prove complete protein depletion.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    This protein was not required for most measured uptake under these conditions.
    primary_references
    [mo-p23472155] Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23472155/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HEK-293T cells

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 235–246

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-mfsd5-knockdown-null Reducing MFSD5 mRNA to 11-35% of control did not reduce molybdate uptake signals at the tested doses. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This protein was not required for most measured uptake under these conditions. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: HEK-293T cells experimental_model: MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA limitations: FRET reports accessible molybdate, not total cofactor occupancy; mRNA knockdown does not prove complete protein depletion. exposure: Molybdate dose/time courses; 10 mM oxalate and 1 mM sulfate comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23472155.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3c76154f22db125e0e3c74c1dadbb32edae742411e28763ce2116dfd2e8202f", "start_char": 23464, "end_char": 24197, "text_sha256": "442fa593fda3c65b9c6391a3030401fd13548679459d4ccd58ea4da88d9fdfc6"} [mo-p23472155] Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23472155/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Large HsMOT2/MFSD5 overexpression increased the molybdate-sensitive FRET signal in HEK-293T cells.

    Human MFSD5 / HsMOT2 → Cellular molybdate uptake source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23472155.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3c76154f22db125e0e3c74c1dadbb32edae742411e28763ce2116dfd2e8202f", "start_char": 23464, "end_char": 24197, "text_sha256": "442fa593fda3c65b9c6391a3030401fd13548679459d4ccd58ea4da88d9fdfc6"}
    experimental_model
    MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA
    exposure
    Molybdate dose/time courses; 10 mM oxalate and 1 mM sulfate comparisons
    limitations
    The text reports millimolar values in this passage that differ from micromolar labeling elsewhere; this claim preserves the directional finding without inferring an exact effective concentration.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Making much more of the transporter increased uptake in this cell model.
    primary_references
    [mo-p23472155] Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23472155/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HEK-293T cells

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 222–233

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-mfsd5-overexpression Large HsMOT2/MFSD5 overexpression increased the molybdate-sensitive FRET signal in HEK-293T cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Making much more of the transporter increased uptake in this cell model. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: HEK-293T cells experimental_model: MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA limitations: The text reports millimolar values in this passage that differ from micromolar labeling elsewhere; this claim preserves the directional finding without inferring an exact effective concentration. exposure: Molybdate dose/time courses; 10 mM oxalate and 1 mM sulfate comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23472155.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3c76154f22db125e0e3c74c1dadbb32edae742411e28763ce2116dfd2e8202f", "start_char": 23464, "end_char": 24197, "text_sha256": "442fa593fda3c65b9c6391a3030401fd13548679459d4ccd58ea4da88d9fdfc6"} [mo-p23472155] Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23472155/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Oxalate at 10 mM inhibited molybdate accumulation in HEK-293T cells.

    Oxalate → Cellular molybdate uptake source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23472155.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3c76154f22db125e0e3c74c1dadbb32edae742411e28763ce2116dfd2e8202f", "start_char": 21554, "end_char": 22593, "text_sha256": "79bbaf42eff93e67e445d38383c53bbd3cea5b18c2e2afee38803b40f9b5fc4c"}
    experimental_model
    MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA
    exposure
    Molybdate dose/time courses; 10 mM oxalate and 1 mM sulfate comparisons
    limitations
    High experimental concentration; does not establish dietary oxalate causing human molybdenum deficiency.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    High oxalate inhibited entry in this laboratory assay.
    primary_references
    [mo-p23472155] Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23472155/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HEK-293T cells

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 248–259

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-oxalate-uptake Oxalate at 10 mM inhibited molybdate accumulation in HEK-293T cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: High oxalate inhibited entry in this laboratory assay. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: HEK-293T cells experimental_model: MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA limitations: High experimental concentration; does not establish dietary oxalate causing human molybdenum deficiency. exposure: Molybdate dose/time courses; 10 mM oxalate and 1 mM sulfate comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23472155.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3c76154f22db125e0e3c74c1dadbb32edae742411e28763ce2116dfd2e8202f", "start_char": 21554, "end_char": 22593, "text_sha256": "79bbaf42eff93e67e445d38383c53bbd3cea5b18c2e2afee38803b40f9b5fc4c"} [mo-p23472155] Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23472155/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Adding 1 mM sulfate had little effect on HEK-293T molybdate uptake signals.

    Sulfate / SO4(2-) → Cellular molybdate uptake source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23472155.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3c76154f22db125e0e3c74c1dadbb32edae742411e28763ce2116dfd2e8202f", "start_char": 21554, "end_char": 22593, "text_sha256": "79bbaf42eff93e67e445d38383c53bbd3cea5b18c2e2afee38803b40f9b5fc4c"}
    experimental_model
    MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA
    exposure
    Molybdate dose/time courses; 10 mM oxalate and 1 mM sulfate comparisons
    limitations
    FRET reports accessible molybdate, not total cofactor occupancy; mRNA knockdown does not prove complete protein depletion.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Sulfate did not strongly block this uptake route.
    primary_references
    [mo-p23472155] Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23472155/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HEK-293T cells

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 261–272

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-sulfate-uptake-null Adding 1 mM sulfate had little effect on HEK-293T molybdate uptake signals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Sulfate did not strongly block this uptake route. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: HEK-293T cells experimental_model: MolyProbe live-cell FRET, MFSD5 overexpression and siRNA limitations: FRET reports accessible molybdate, not total cofactor occupancy; mRNA knockdown does not prove complete protein depletion. exposure: Molybdate dose/time courses; 10 mM oxalate and 1 mM sulfate comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/23472155.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3c76154f22db125e0e3c74c1dadbb32edae742411e28763ce2116dfd2e8202f", "start_char": 21554, "end_char": 22593, "text_sha256": "79bbaf42eff93e67e445d38383c53bbd3cea5b18c2e2afee38803b40f9b5fc4c"} [mo-p23472155] Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23472155/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Tungstate inhibited HsMOT2-dependent molybdate uptake in yeast; 1 mM sulfate had little effect.

    Tungstate / WO4(2-) → Human MFSD5 / HsMOT2 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/21464289.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "861076d0403540a9fe3ad941cd7c0807224cb9323da6d8179546e9983f782cc7", "start_char": 18693, "end_char": 18917, "text_sha256": "df769097827247aa8c9b82a5877b016a6977021d43424f2deed3aad684c51688"}
    experimental_model
    Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments
    exposure
    Molybdate uptake assays and oxyanion comparisons
    limitations
    The text and figure use different tungstate concentrations; no exact tungstate dose is assigned here. Yeast assay, not human dietary competition.
    nutrient_topic
    Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum
    organism
    Human protein in yeast; Chlamydomonas experiments separately
    plain_language
    Tungstate competed in this transporter assay, while sulfate had little effect.
    primary_references
    [mo-p21464289] Algae and humans share a molybdate transporter. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21464289/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100700108
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Heterologous membrane transport

    Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 209–220

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mo-tungstate-transport Tungstate inhibited HsMOT2-dependent molybdate uptake in yeast; 1 mM sulfate had little effect. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Tungstate competed in this transporter assay, while sulfate had little effect. organism: Human protein in yeast; Chlamydomonas experiments separately tissue_or_cell_type: Heterologous membrane transport experimental_model: Human HsMOT2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with separate algal experiments limitations: The text and figure use different tungstate concentrations; no exact tungstate dose is assigned here. Yeast assay, not human dietary competition. exposure: Molybdate uptake assays and oxyanion comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/21464289.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "861076d0403540a9fe3ad941cd7c0807224cb9323da6d8179546e9983f782cc7", "start_char": 18693, "end_char": 18917, "text_sha256": "df769097827247aa8c9b82a5877b016a6977021d43424f2deed3aad684c51688"} [mo-p21464289] Algae and humans share a molybdate transporter. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21464289/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100700108
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

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    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards