Sodium chloride

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Randomized crossover with stable-isotope calcium measures and compartmental modeling in 11 completers

exposure

Four five-week calcium/salt diet combinations: 518 or 1284 mg calcium; 3.9 or 11.2 g salt daily

limitations

Small study; bone balance was modeled, fractures were not measured. Salt means sodium chloride, not elemental sodium.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Human postmenopausal women

plain_language

Calcium intake changed the context of the modeled salt effect; this was not a fracture trial.

primary_references

[sodium-p18410231] Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410231/ DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080408

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal, renal and modeled skeletal calcium balance

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 1123–1134

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover with stable-isotope calcium measures and compartmental modeling in 11 completers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-salt-bone-model Higher salt shifted modeled bone calcium balance from positive to negative on the higher-calcium diet; balance was negative at both salt levels on the lower-calcium diet. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium intake changed the context of the modeled salt effect; this was not a fracture trial. organism: Human postmenopausal women tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal, renal and modeled skeletal calcium balance experimental_model: Randomized crossover with stable-isotope calcium measures and compartmental modeling in 11 completers limitations: Small study; bone balance was modeled, fractures were not measured. Salt means sodium chloride, not elemental sodium. exposure: Four five-week calcium/salt diet combinations: 518 or 1284 mg calcium; 3.9 or 11.2 g salt daily evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/18410231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f831f038a6c4249510bbeeae68778a216f1c36aa440e33816072959d1a07fefa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1558, "text_sha256": "f831f038a6c4249510bbeeae68778a216f1c36aa440e33816072959d1a07fefa"} [sodium-p18410231] Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410231/ DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080408

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Randomized crossover with stable-isotope calcium measures and compartmental modeling in 11 completers

exposure

Four five-week calcium/salt diet combinations: 518 or 1284 mg calcium; 3.9 or 11.2 g salt daily

limitations

Small study; bone balance was modeled, fractures were not measured. Salt means sodium chloride, not elemental sodium.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Human postmenopausal women

plain_language

The kidney calcium loss was not matched by a measured salt-driven increase in absorption.

primary_references

[sodium-p18410231] Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410231/ DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080408

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal, renal and modeled skeletal calcium balance

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 1110–1121

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover with stable-isotope calcium measures and compartmental modeling in 11 completers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-salt-calcium-absorption Fractional calcium absorption adapted to calcium intake but was not significantly altered by salt intake. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The kidney calcium loss was not matched by a measured salt-driven increase in absorption. organism: Human postmenopausal women tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal, renal and modeled skeletal calcium balance experimental_model: Randomized crossover with stable-isotope calcium measures and compartmental modeling in 11 completers limitations: Small study; bone balance was modeled, fractures were not measured. Salt means sodium chloride, not elemental sodium. exposure: Four five-week calcium/salt diet combinations: 518 or 1284 mg calcium; 3.9 or 11.2 g salt daily evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/18410231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f831f038a6c4249510bbeeae68778a216f1c36aa440e33816072959d1a07fefa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1558, "text_sha256": "f831f038a6c4249510bbeeae68778a216f1c36aa440e33816072959d1a07fefa"} [sodium-p18410231] Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410231/ DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080408

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Randomized crossover with stable-isotope calcium measures and compartmental modeling in 11 completers

exposure

Four five-week calcium/salt diet combinations: 518 or 1284 mg calcium; 3.9 or 11.2 g salt daily

limitations

Small study; bone balance was modeled, fractures were not measured. Salt means sodium chloride, not elemental sodium.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Human postmenopausal women

plain_language

More dietary salt increased measured urinary calcium loss in these women.

primary_references

[sodium-p18410231] Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410231/ DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080408

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal, renal and modeled skeletal calcium balance

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 1097–1108

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover with stable-isotope calcium measures and compartmental modeling in 11 completers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-salt-calciuria The higher-salt diet increased urinary calcium excretion in the crossover trial (P=0.0008). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More dietary salt increased measured urinary calcium loss in these women. organism: Human postmenopausal women tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal, renal and modeled skeletal calcium balance experimental_model: Randomized crossover with stable-isotope calcium measures and compartmental modeling in 11 completers limitations: Small study; bone balance was modeled, fractures were not measured. Salt means sodium chloride, not elemental sodium. exposure: Four five-week calcium/salt diet combinations: 518 or 1284 mg calcium; 3.9 or 11.2 g salt daily evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/18410231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f831f038a6c4249510bbeeae68778a216f1c36aa440e33816072959d1a07fefa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1558, "text_sha256": "f831f038a6c4249510bbeeae68778a216f1c36aa440e33816072959d1a07fefa"} [sodium-p18410231] Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410231/ DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080408

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Two controlled confinement studies lasting 105 and 205 days, totaling 10 men

exposure

6, 9 and 12 g/day salt; other nutrients held constant

limitations

Small all-male long-duration study; reduced free-water clearance is not creation of water. Do not extrapolate to acute salt ingestion, all populations or immune effects.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Human healthy men

plain_language

Long-term fluid behavior in this setting did not follow a simple more-salt–more-drinking rule.

primary_references

[sodium-p28414302] Increased salt consumption induces body water conservation and decreases fluid intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28414302/ DOI: 10.1172/jci88530

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole-body water and osmolyte balance

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 1149–1160

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two controlled confinement studies lasting 105 and 205 days, totaling 10 men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-salt-drinking Fluid intake was lower at 12 g/day salt in these long-duration controlled studies. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Long-term fluid behavior in this setting did not follow a simple more-salt–more-drinking rule. organism: Human healthy men tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body water and osmolyte balance experimental_model: Two controlled confinement studies lasting 105 and 205 days, totaling 10 men limitations: Small all-male long-duration study; reduced free-water clearance is not creation of water. Do not extrapolate to acute salt ingestion, all populations or immune effects. exposure: 6, 9 and 12 g/day salt; other nutrients held constant evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/28414302.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "099d2bd468b387701a756371dde0732e2eba2b5d15d02948a99fc96c3df3046d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2118, "text_sha256": "099d2bd468b387701a756371dde0732e2eba2b5d15d02948a99fc96c3df3046d"} [sodium-p28414302] Increased salt consumption induces body water conservation and decreases fluid intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28414302/ DOI: 10.1172/jci88530

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

exposure

Increased NaCl in culture or high-salt mouse diet

limitations

NaCl exposure includes both ions and osmotic context. Mouse EAE and cultured T cells do not establish that salt causes human multiple sclerosis.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Human and mouse T cells; mouse disease model

plain_language

The cell findings had a disease-model counterpart in mice; human disease causation remains unproven.

primary_references

[sodium-p23467095] Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467095/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11868

tissue_or_cell_type

T-helper cells and experimental CNS autoimmunity

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 538–549

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-salt-eae Mice fed a high-salt diet developed more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cell findings had a disease-model counterpart in mice; human disease causation remains unproven. organism: Human and mouse T cells; mouse disease model tissue_or_cell_type: T-helper cells and experimental CNS autoimmunity experimental_model: Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis limitations: NaCl exposure includes both ions and osmotic context. Mouse EAE and cultured T cells do not establish that salt causes human multiple sclerosis. exposure: Increased NaCl in culture or high-salt mouse diet evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/23467095.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1913, "text_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f"} [sodium-p23467095] Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467095/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11868

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/23467085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "25fdc34faa9d6f0b84dfc9daf98ecc8e09f2486853b9e99bdae552e5ca8c5b2e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1656, "text_sha256": "25fdc34faa9d6f0b84dfc9daf98ecc8e09f2486853b9e99bdae552e5ca8c5b2e"}

experimental_model

T-cell transcriptional profiling, kinase loss and experimental autoimmune assays

exposure

NaCl elevation and Sgk1 perturbation

limitations

The SGK1–Foxo1–IL23R pathway is scoped to this immune-cell program, not universal sodium action.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Mouse

plain_language

Salt exposure can reinforce responsiveness to an immune signal in this model.

primary_references

[sodium-p23467085] Induction of pathogenic TH17 cells by inducible salt-sensing kinase SGK1. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467085/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11984

tissue_or_cell_type

IL-23-responsive TH17 cells

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 577–588

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · T-cell transcriptional profiling, kinase loss and experimental autoimmune assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-salt-il23r Modestly increased NaCl induced SGK1 and promoted IL-23 receptor expression in the tested T-cell program. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Salt exposure can reinforce responsiveness to an immune signal in this model. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: IL-23-responsive TH17 cells experimental_model: T-cell transcriptional profiling, kinase loss and experimental autoimmune assays limitations: The SGK1–Foxo1–IL23R pathway is scoped to this immune-cell program, not universal sodium action. exposure: NaCl elevation and Sgk1 perturbation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/23467085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "25fdc34faa9d6f0b84dfc9daf98ecc8e09f2486853b9e99bdae552e5ca8c5b2e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1656, "text_sha256": "25fdc34faa9d6f0b84dfc9daf98ecc8e09f2486853b9e99bdae552e5ca8c5b2e"} [sodium-p23467085] Induction of pathogenic TH17 cells by inducible salt-sensing kinase SGK1. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467085/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11984

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

exposure

Increased NaCl in culture or high-salt mouse diet

limitations

NaCl exposure includes both ions and osmotic context. Mouse EAE and cultured T cells do not establish that salt causes human multiple sclerosis.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Human and mouse T cells; mouse disease model

plain_language

Salt conditions can change immune-cell differentiation in an experimental setting.

primary_references

[sodium-p23467095] Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467095/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11868

tissue_or_cell_type

T-helper cells and experimental CNS autoimmunity

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 486–497

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-salt-th17 Increased NaCl enhanced cytokine-induced TH17 differentiation in human and mouse T-cell cultures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Salt conditions can change immune-cell differentiation in an experimental setting. organism: Human and mouse T cells; mouse disease model tissue_or_cell_type: T-helper cells and experimental CNS autoimmunity experimental_model: Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis limitations: NaCl exposure includes both ions and osmotic context. Mouse EAE and cultured T cells do not establish that salt causes human multiple sclerosis. exposure: Increased NaCl in culture or high-salt mouse diet evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/23467095.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1913, "text_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f"} [sodium-p23467095] Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467095/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11868

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/28414302.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "099d2bd468b387701a756371dde0732e2eba2b5d15d02948a99fc96c3df3046d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2118, "text_sha256": "099d2bd468b387701a756371dde0732e2eba2b5d15d02948a99fc96c3df3046d"}

experimental_model

Two controlled confinement studies lasting 105 and 205 days, totaling 10 men

exposure

6, 9 and 12 g/day salt; other nutrients held constant

limitations

Small all-male long-duration study; reduced free-water clearance is not creation of water. Do not extrapolate to acute salt ingestion, all populations or immune effects.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Human healthy men

plain_language

The kidneys adjusted water conservation during sustained salt exposure.

primary_references

[sodium-p28414302] Increased salt consumption induces body water conservation and decreases fluid intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28414302/ DOI: 10.1172/jci88530

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole-body water and osmolyte balance

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 1136–1147

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two controlled confinement studies lasting 105 and 205 days, totaling 10 men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-salt-water-clearance The 6-g/day salt increase reduced free-water clearance while increasing urine osmolyte excretion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The kidneys adjusted water conservation during sustained salt exposure. organism: Human healthy men tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body water and osmolyte balance experimental_model: Two controlled confinement studies lasting 105 and 205 days, totaling 10 men limitations: Small all-male long-duration study; reduced free-water clearance is not creation of water. Do not extrapolate to acute salt ingestion, all populations or immune effects. exposure: 6, 9 and 12 g/day salt; other nutrients held constant evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/28414302.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "099d2bd468b387701a756371dde0732e2eba2b5d15d02948a99fc96c3df3046d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2118, "text_sha256": "099d2bd468b387701a756371dde0732e2eba2b5d15d02948a99fc96c3df3046d"} [sodium-p28414302] Increased salt consumption induces body water conservation and decreases fluid intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28414302/ DOI: 10.1172/jci88530

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/23467095.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1913, "text_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f"}

experimental_model

Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

exposure

Increased NaCl in culture or high-salt mouse diet

limitations

NaCl exposure includes both ions and osmotic context. Mouse EAE and cultured T cells do not establish that salt causes human multiple sclerosis.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Human and mouse T cells; mouse disease model

plain_language

Blocking NFAT5 interrupted this particular salt-sensitive immune response.

primary_references

[sodium-p23467095] Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467095/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11868

tissue_or_cell_type

T-helper cells and experimental CNS autoimmunity

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 512–523

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-th17-nfat5 Silencing or chemical inhibition of NFAT5 blocked the high-salt enhancement of TH17 differentiation in the study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blocking NFAT5 interrupted this particular salt-sensitive immune response. organism: Human and mouse T cells; mouse disease model tissue_or_cell_type: T-helper cells and experimental CNS autoimmunity experimental_model: Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis limitations: NaCl exposure includes both ions and osmotic context. Mouse EAE and cultured T cells do not establish that salt causes human multiple sclerosis. exposure: Increased NaCl in culture or high-salt mouse diet evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/23467095.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1913, "text_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f"} [sodium-p23467095] Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467095/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11868

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/23467095.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1913, "text_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f"}

experimental_model

Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

exposure

Increased NaCl in culture or high-salt mouse diet

limitations

NaCl exposure includes both ions and osmotic context. Mouse EAE and cultured T cells do not establish that salt causes human multiple sclerosis.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Human and mouse T cells; mouse disease model

plain_language

Blocking p38/MAPK interrupted this particular salt-sensitive immune response.

primary_references

[sodium-p23467095] Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467095/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11868

tissue_or_cell_type

T-helper cells and experimental CNS autoimmunity

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 499–510

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-th17-p38 Silencing or chemical inhibition of p38/MAPK blocked the high-salt enhancement of TH17 differentiation in the study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blocking p38/MAPK interrupted this particular salt-sensitive immune response. organism: Human and mouse T cells; mouse disease model tissue_or_cell_type: T-helper cells and experimental CNS autoimmunity experimental_model: Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis limitations: NaCl exposure includes both ions and osmotic context. Mouse EAE and cultured T cells do not establish that salt causes human multiple sclerosis. exposure: Increased NaCl in culture or high-salt mouse diet evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/23467095.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1913, "text_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f"} [sodium-p23467095] Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467095/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11868

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/23467095.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1913, "text_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f"}

experimental_model

Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

exposure

Increased NaCl in culture or high-salt mouse diet

limitations

NaCl exposure includes both ions and osmotic context. Mouse EAE and cultured T cells do not establish that salt causes human multiple sclerosis.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Human and mouse T cells; mouse disease model

plain_language

Blocking SGK1 interrupted this particular salt-sensitive immune response.

primary_references

[sodium-p23467095] Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467095/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11868

tissue_or_cell_type

T-helper cells and experimental CNS autoimmunity

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 525–536

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-th17-sgk1 Silencing or chemical inhibition of SGK1 blocked the high-salt enhancement of TH17 differentiation in the study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blocking SGK1 interrupted this particular salt-sensitive immune response. organism: Human and mouse T cells; mouse disease model tissue_or_cell_type: T-helper cells and experimental CNS autoimmunity experimental_model: Cytokine-driven T-cell culture, gene silencing/inhibition and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis limitations: NaCl exposure includes both ions and osmotic context. Mouse EAE and cultured T cells do not establish that salt causes human multiple sclerosis. exposure: Increased NaCl in culture or high-salt mouse diet evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/23467095.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1913, "text_sha256": "d16bb4b4becde85238492e01054f360aeaf57ea90015cba99459cd155fa4251f"} [sodium-p23467095] Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467095/ DOI: 10.1038/nature11868

cross_nutrient

Chloride salt/kidney context -> pressure.

experimental_model

Same five-day periods.

limitations

Context difference, not proof of a universal adverse potassium effect; molecular mediator unproven.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The pressure response differed from trials in people with better kidney function.

primary_references

[k-ckd-salts2026] Randomized Cross-Over Trial of Electrolyte, Acid-Base and Blood Pressure Effects of Salt Supplements in CKD (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42381762/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.106619

tissue_or_cell_type

Systemic circulation

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1685–1695

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same five-day periods. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-ckd-chloride-salt-pressure Potassium chloride and sodium chloride increased home systolic pressure versus placebo in the CKD crossover. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pressure response differed from trials in people with better kidney function. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic circulation experimental_model: Same five-day periods. limitations: Context difference, not proof of a universal adverse potassium effect; molecular mediator unproven. cross_nutrient: Chloride salt/kidney context -> pressure. [k-ckd-salts2026] Randomized Cross-Over Trial of Electrolyte, Acid-Base and Blood Pressure Effects of Salt Supplements in CKD (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42381762/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.106619

cross_nutrient

Combined sodium reduction/potassium increase; not potassium-alone molecular causation.

experimental_model

Cluster-randomized trial; mean 4.74-year follow-up.

limitations

Both sodium and potassium changed, so their effects cannot be separated. Serious kidney disease and potassium-sparing drugs/supplements were excluded; no serial serum-potassium surveillance.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Replacing part of sodium chloride with potassium chloride improved a clinical outcome in the studied population.

primary_references

[k-neal2021] Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34459569/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2105675

tissue_or_cell_type

Clinical cerebrovascular outcome

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1697–1707

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cluster-randomized trial; mean 4.74-year follow-up. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-sodium-potassium-salt-stroke-trial The 75% NaCl/25% KCl salt substitute reduced stroke incidence versus ordinary salt in SSaSS (rate ratio 0.86). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Replacing part of sodium chloride with potassium chloride improved a clinical outcome in the studied population. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Clinical cerebrovascular outcome experimental_model: Cluster-randomized trial; mean 4.74-year follow-up. limitations: Both sodium and potassium changed, so their effects cannot be separated. Serious kidney disease and potassium-sparing drugs/supplements were excluded; no serial serum-potassium surveillance. cross_nutrient: Combined sodium reduction/potassium increase; not potassium-alone molecular causation. [k-neal2021] Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34459569/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2105675

evidence_access

Primary full text; background and test samples

experimental_model

Chemical identity and ingredient design in the primary sensory study.

limitations

This is background chemistry, not a measurement of absorption or tissue delivery.

nutrient_topic

Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate

plain_language

The ingredient contributes both glutamate and sodium.

primary_references

Validation of preferred salt concentration in soup based on a randomized blinded experiment in multiple regions in Japan-influence of umami (L-glutamate) on saltiness and palatability of low-salt solutions. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996813/ · DOI 10.1038/s41440-020-0397-1

Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 18–24

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Chemical identity and ingredient design in the primary sensory study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## monosodium-glutamate-salt-identity The ingredient contributes both glutamate and sodium. MSG is the sodium salt of L-glutamate; the sensory study treats added MSG and NaCl as separate ingredients. Model: Chemical identity and ingredient design in the primary sensory study. Limitations: This is background chemistry, not a measurement of absorption or tissue delivery. Evidence access: Primary full text; background and test samples Validation of preferred salt concentration in soup based on a randomized blinded experiment in multiple regions in Japan-influence of umami (L-glutamate) on saltiness and palatability of low-salt solutions. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996813/ · DOI 10.1038/s41440-020-0397-1

evidence_access

Primary full text

experimental_model

Randomized blinded tasting across nineteen Japanese regions.

limitations

MSG itself adds sodium; net reduction requires NaCl replacement. No long-term sodium intake or blood-pressure effect was measured. Three authors were Ajinomoto employees.

nutrient_topic

Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate

plain_language

Flavor enhancement may help a lower-salt recipe remain acceptable.

primary_references

Validation of preferred salt concentration in soup based on a randomized blinded experiment in multiple regions in Japan-influence of umami (L-glutamate) on saltiness and palatability of low-salt solutions. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996813/ · DOI 10.1038/s41440-020-0397-1

Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 250–256

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized blinded tasting across nineteen Japanese regions. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## monosodium-glutamate-sodium-substitution Flavor enhancement may help a lower-salt recipe remain acceptable. In 584 participants, adding 0.3% MSG improved palatability ratings at tested 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% NaCl concentrations. Model: Randomized blinded tasting across nineteen Japanese regions. Limitations: MSG itself adds sodium; net reduction requires NaCl replacement. No long-term sodium intake or blood-pressure effect was measured. Three authors were Ajinomoto employees. Evidence access: Primary full text Validation of preferred salt concentration in soup based on a randomized blinded experiment in multiple regions in Japan-influence of umami (L-glutamate) on saltiness and palatability of low-salt solutions. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996813/ · DOI 10.1038/s41440-020-0397-1