Free R-alpha-lipoic acid

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/32692358.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4054eff822014466ea739125fd4000ba2a5852e5f9818487f0b32b7be2b8d076", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2088, "text_sha256": "4054eff822014466ea739125fd4000ba2a5852e5f9818487f0b32b7be2b8d076"}

experimental_model

Randomized placebo-controlled R-lipoic-acid trial

exposure

R-lipoic acid 600 mg/day for 24 weeks

limitations

Primary triglyceride outcome was null; BMI was secondary and subgroup findings are exploratory.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

A modest weight-related signal accompanied a negative primary result.

primary_references

[ala-p32692358] A Randomized Controlled Trial of Long-Term (R)-α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation Promotes Weight Loss in Overweight or Obese Adults without Altering Baseline Elevated Plasma Triglyceride Concentrations. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32692358/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa203

tissue_or_cell_type

81 overweight adults with elevated triglycerides

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1222–1233

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled R-lipoic-acid trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-bmi-secondary-effect BMI decreased more with R-lipoic acid than placebo, by approximately 0.8 kg/m² between groups, as a secondary outcome. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A modest weight-related signal accompanied a negative primary result. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 81 overweight adults with elevated triglycerides experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled R-lipoic-acid trial limitations: Primary triglyceride outcome was null; BMI was secondary and subgroup findings are exploratory. exposure: R-lipoic acid 600 mg/day for 24 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/32692358.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4054eff822014466ea739125fd4000ba2a5852e5f9818487f0b32b7be2b8d076", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2088, "text_sha256": "4054eff822014466ea739125fd4000ba2a5852e5f9818487f0b32b7be2b8d076"} [ala-p32692358] A Randomized Controlled Trial of Long-Term (R)-α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation Promotes Weight Loss in Overweight or Obese Adults without Altering Baseline Elevated Plasma Triglyceride Concentrations. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32692358/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa203

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/22609537.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bfd228f5a8102a99fecaf7c6de8d1cb910afacd695cb3947c60987f54da431fa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "bfd228f5a8102a99fecaf7c6de8d1cb910afacd695cb3947c60987f54da431fa"}

experimental_model

Small crossover pharmacokinetic pilot in younger and older adults

exposure

500 mg R-lipoic acid versus 500 mg racemic lipoic acid

limitations

Small groups and unequal R-content across equal total-mass doses; substantial individual variability.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

A higher exposure in a few participants did not establish that one form works better for everyone.

primary_references

[ala-p22609537] Age and gender dependent bioavailability of R- and R,S-α-lipoic acid: a pilot study. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609537/ DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.002

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 663–674

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Small crossover pharmacokinetic pilot in younger and older adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-enantiomer-pk-variability The R-versus-racemate pilot found substantial exposure variability, especially in older adults, rather than a uniform formulation advantage. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A higher exposure in a few participants did not establish that one form works better for everyone. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma experimental_model: Small crossover pharmacokinetic pilot in younger and older adults limitations: Small groups and unequal R-content across equal total-mass doses; substantial individual variability. exposure: 500 mg R-lipoic acid versus 500 mg racemic lipoic acid evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/22609537.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bfd228f5a8102a99fecaf7c6de8d1cb910afacd695cb3947c60987f54da431fa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "bfd228f5a8102a99fecaf7c6de8d1cb910afacd695cb3947c60987f54da431fa"} [ala-p22609537] Age and gender dependent bioavailability of R- and R,S-α-lipoic acid: a pilot study. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609537/ DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.002

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/32212340.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "44984e6b01b34f66b48a24660a08befba9fc1691954a6832010d6ec01df29220", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1654, "text_sha256": "44984e6b01b34f66b48a24660a08befba9fc1691954a6832010d6ec01df29220"}

experimental_model

Crossover study in 20 people with progressive multiple sclerosis

exposure

600 mg R-lipoic acid versus 1200 mg racemic lipoic acid over 7–10 days

limitations

Equal nominal R content but different total doses; short tolerability/PK study, not an efficacy comparison.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

Matching the amount of the R form produced similar measured R exposure.

primary_references

[ala-p32212340] Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Absorption of R- Versus R,S-Lipoic Acid in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Crossover Trial. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32212340/ DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1605

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma and gastrointestinal symptom reports

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 689–700

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crossover study in 20 people with progressive multiple sclerosis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-r-racemate-exposure 600 mg R-lipoic acid and 1200 mg racemate yielded bioequivalent R-enantiomer exposure in this crossover study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Matching the amount of the R form produced similar measured R exposure. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and gastrointestinal symptom reports experimental_model: Crossover study in 20 people with progressive multiple sclerosis limitations: Equal nominal R content but different total doses; short tolerability/PK study, not an efficacy comparison. exposure: 600 mg R-lipoic acid versus 1200 mg racemic lipoic acid over 7–10 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/32212340.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "44984e6b01b34f66b48a24660a08befba9fc1691954a6832010d6ec01df29220", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1654, "text_sha256": "44984e6b01b34f66b48a24660a08befba9fc1691954a6832010d6ec01df29220"} [ala-p32212340] Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Absorption of R- Versus R,S-Lipoic Acid in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Crossover Trial. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32212340/ DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1605

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/32212340.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "44984e6b01b34f66b48a24660a08befba9fc1691954a6832010d6ec01df29220", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1654, "text_sha256": "44984e6b01b34f66b48a24660a08befba9fc1691954a6832010d6ec01df29220"}

experimental_model

Crossover study in 20 people with progressive multiple sclerosis

exposure

600 mg R-lipoic acid versus 1200 mg racemic lipoic acid over 7–10 days

limitations

Equal nominal R content but different total doses; short tolerability/PK study, not an efficacy comparison.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

One tolerability measure favored R-only, but the score comparison was inconclusive.

primary_references

[ala-p32212340] Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Absorption of R- Versus R,S-Lipoic Acid in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Crossover Trial. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32212340/ DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1605

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma and gastrointestinal symptom reports

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 702–713

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crossover study in 20 people with progressive multiple sclerosis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-r-racemate-gi The R-only period had fewer gastrointestinal event reports than the racemate period; the mean symptom-score difference was not statistically significant. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One tolerability measure favored R-only, but the score comparison was inconclusive. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and gastrointestinal symptom reports experimental_model: Crossover study in 20 people with progressive multiple sclerosis limitations: Equal nominal R content but different total doses; short tolerability/PK study, not an efficacy comparison. exposure: 600 mg R-lipoic acid versus 1200 mg racemic lipoic acid over 7–10 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/32212340.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "44984e6b01b34f66b48a24660a08befba9fc1691954a6832010d6ec01df29220", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1654, "text_sha256": "44984e6b01b34f66b48a24660a08befba9fc1691954a6832010d6ec01df29220"} [ala-p32212340] Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Absorption of R- Versus R,S-Lipoic Acid in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Crossover Trial. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32212340/ DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1605

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/14985508.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a43d83e66af102cc530c2cb2da20c79749ab5c85c815e573e9797f9fc6645d13", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1696, "text_sha256": "a43d83e66af102cc530c2cb2da20c79749ab5c85c815e573e9797f9fc6645d13"}

experimental_model

Aging-rat liver biochemistry and R-lipoic-acid intervention

exposure

R-lipoic acid 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally; time course up to 48 hours

limitations

Animal injection study; changes in enzyme expression are distinct from direct radical scavenging and human clinical efficacy.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Rat

plain_language

The liver increased part of its glutathione-making capacity.

primary_references

[ala-p14985508] Decline in transcriptional activity of Nrf2 causes age-related loss of glutathione synthesis, which is reversible with lipoic acid. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985508/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400282101

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 858–869

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Aging-rat liver biochemistry and R-lipoic-acid intervention · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-rla-gcl-rat R-lipoic-acid treatment increased GCLC and GCL activity at the later measured time point in aged rat liver. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The liver increased part of its glutathione-making capacity. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Liver experimental_model: Aging-rat liver biochemistry and R-lipoic-acid intervention limitations: Animal injection study; changes in enzyme expression are distinct from direct radical scavenging and human clinical efficacy. exposure: R-lipoic acid 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally; time course up to 48 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/14985508.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a43d83e66af102cc530c2cb2da20c79749ab5c85c815e573e9797f9fc6645d13", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1696, "text_sha256": "a43d83e66af102cc530c2cb2da20c79749ab5c85c815e573e9797f9fc6645d13"} [ala-p14985508] Decline in transcriptional activity of Nrf2 causes age-related loss of glutathione synthesis, which is reversible with lipoic acid. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985508/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400282101

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/14985508.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a43d83e66af102cc530c2cb2da20c79749ab5c85c815e573e9797f9fc6645d13", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1696, "text_sha256": "a43d83e66af102cc530c2cb2da20c79749ab5c85c815e573e9797f9fc6645d13"}

experimental_model

Aging-rat liver biochemistry and R-lipoic-acid intervention

exposure

R-lipoic acid 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally; time course up to 48 hours

limitations

Animal injection study; changes in enzyme expression are distinct from direct radical scavenging and human clinical efficacy.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Rat

plain_language

The intervention changed a gene-regulating response, beyond any direct antioxidant reaction.

primary_references

[ala-p14985508] Decline in transcriptional activity of Nrf2 causes age-related loss of glutathione synthesis, which is reversible with lipoic acid. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985508/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400282101

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 845–856

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Aging-rat liver biochemistry and R-lipoic-acid intervention · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-rla-nrf2-rat Injected R-lipoic acid increased nuclear Nrf2 and antioxidant-response-element binding in aged rat liver. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The intervention changed a gene-regulating response, beyond any direct antioxidant reaction. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Liver experimental_model: Aging-rat liver biochemistry and R-lipoic-acid intervention limitations: Animal injection study; changes in enzyme expression are distinct from direct radical scavenging and human clinical efficacy. exposure: R-lipoic acid 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally; time course up to 48 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/14985508.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a43d83e66af102cc530c2cb2da20c79749ab5c85c815e573e9797f9fc6645d13", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1696, "text_sha256": "a43d83e66af102cc530c2cb2da20c79749ab5c85c815e573e9797f9fc6645d13"} [ala-p14985508] Decline in transcriptional activity of Nrf2 causes age-related loss of glutathione synthesis, which is reversible with lipoic acid. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985508/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400282101

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/32692358.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4054eff822014466ea739125fd4000ba2a5852e5f9818487f0b32b7be2b8d076", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2088, "text_sha256": "4054eff822014466ea739125fd4000ba2a5852e5f9818487f0b32b7be2b8d076"}

experimental_model

Randomized placebo-controlled R-lipoic-acid trial

exposure

R-lipoic acid 600 mg/day for 24 weeks

limitations

Primary triglyceride outcome was null; BMI was secondary and subgroup findings are exploratory.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

The trial’s main blood-fat target did not improve.

primary_references

[ala-p32692358] A Randomized Controlled Trial of Long-Term (R)-α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation Promotes Weight Loss in Overweight or Obese Adults without Altering Baseline Elevated Plasma Triglyceride Concentrations. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32692358/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa203

tissue_or_cell_type

81 overweight adults with elevated triglycerides

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1209–1220

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled R-lipoic-acid trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-triglyceride-primary-null R-lipoic acid did not reduce the primary fasting-triglyceride outcome in this 24-week trial. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial’s main blood-fat target did not improve. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 81 overweight adults with elevated triglycerides experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled R-lipoic-acid trial limitations: Primary triglyceride outcome was null; BMI was secondary and subgroup findings are exploratory. exposure: R-lipoic acid 600 mg/day for 24 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/32692358.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4054eff822014466ea739125fd4000ba2a5852e5f9818487f0b32b7be2b8d076", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2088, "text_sha256": "4054eff822014466ea739125fd4000ba2a5852e5f9818487f0b32b7be2b8d076"} [ala-p32692358] A Randomized Controlled Trial of Long-Term (R)-α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation Promotes Weight Loss in Overweight or Obese Adults without Altering Baseline Elevated Plasma Triglyceride Concentrations. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32692358/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa203

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/8573188.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7631d83a60fe421318384db96c5b92458c21b0e3aeadaff85c7ae60223e40976", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 809, "text_sha256": "7631d83a60fe421318384db96c5b92458c21b0e3aeadaff85c7ae60223e40976"}

experimental_model

Purified mitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase stereoselectivity assays

exposure

R/S lipoic acid and metabolites

limitations

Do not equate the enzyme-family result with a specific human DLD preparation or whole-person clinical superiority.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Species not identified in indexed abstract

plain_language

The two mirror-image forms were not equivalent substrates for this enzyme.

primary_references

[ala-p8573188] Reduction of lipoic acid by lipoamide dehydrogenase. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8573188/ DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02124-8

tissue_or_cell_type

Purified mitochondrial enzyme

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 767–778

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified mitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase stereoselectivity assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-lipdh-r-selectivity The tested lipoamide dehydrogenase reduced R-lipoic acid about 28 times faster than S-lipoic acid. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The two mirror-image forms were not equivalent substrates for this enzyme. organism: Species not identified in indexed abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Purified mitochondrial enzyme experimental_model: Purified mitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase stereoselectivity assays limitations: Do not equate the enzyme-family result with a specific human DLD preparation or whole-person clinical superiority. exposure: R/S lipoic acid and metabolites evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/8573188.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7631d83a60fe421318384db96c5b92458c21b0e3aeadaff85c7ae60223e40976", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 809, "text_sha256": "7631d83a60fe421318384db96c5b92458c21b0e3aeadaff85c7ae60223e40976"} [ala-p8573188] Reduction of lipoic acid by lipoamide dehydrogenase. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8573188/ DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02124-8

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/8573188.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7631d83a60fe421318384db96c5b92458c21b0e3aeadaff85c7ae60223e40976", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 809, "text_sha256": "7631d83a60fe421318384db96c5b92458c21b0e3aeadaff85c7ae60223e40976"}

experimental_model

Purified mitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase stereoselectivity assays

exposure

R/S lipoic acid and metabolites

limitations

Do not equate the enzyme-family result with a specific human DLD preparation or whole-person clinical superiority.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Species not identified in indexed abstract

plain_language

Competition appeared under particular assay conditions, not as proof that ordinary racemic supplements block the pathway.

primary_references

[ala-p8573188] Reduction of lipoic acid by lipoamide dehydrogenase. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8573188/ DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02124-8

tissue_or_cell_type

Purified mitochondrial enzyme

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 780–791

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified mitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase stereoselectivity assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-s-high-concentration-inhibition S-lipoic acid inhibited R-lipoic-acid reduction only at high concentrations in the enzyme assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Competition appeared under particular assay conditions, not as proof that ordinary racemic supplements block the pathway. organism: Species not identified in indexed abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Purified mitochondrial enzyme experimental_model: Purified mitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase stereoselectivity assays limitations: Do not equate the enzyme-family result with a specific human DLD preparation or whole-person clinical superiority. exposure: R/S lipoic acid and metabolites evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/8573188.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7631d83a60fe421318384db96c5b92458c21b0e3aeadaff85c7ae60223e40976", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 809, "text_sha256": "7631d83a60fe421318384db96c5b92458c21b0e3aeadaff85c7ae60223e40976"} [ala-p8573188] Reduction of lipoic acid by lipoamide dehydrogenase. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8573188/ DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02124-8

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/25506250.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "539058a215e046b23d352d40f72f6e4fd9259b6e746770584d8852d650990973", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2050, "text_sha256": "539058a215e046b23d352d40f72f6e4fd9259b6e746770584d8852d650990973"}

experimental_model

Randomized four-way crossover pharmacokinetic study in 24 healthy volunteers

exposure

Single 600-mg racemic oral formulations: solution and tablets

limitations

Exposure differences are formulation specific; plasma pharmacokinetics does not establish clinical efficacy or mitochondrial attachment.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

Different formulations delivered different amounts into blood.

primary_references

[ala-p25506250] Enantiomer-selective pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and sex effects of various alpha-lipoic acid dosage forms. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25506250/ DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s71574

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 637–648

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized four-way crossover pharmacokinetic study in 24 healthy volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-oral-formulation-exposure Compared with solution, the tested tablets produced R-lipoic-acid peak concentrations of 36–43% and exposure areas of 64–79%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Different formulations delivered different amounts into blood. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma experimental_model: Randomized four-way crossover pharmacokinetic study in 24 healthy volunteers limitations: Exposure differences are formulation specific; plasma pharmacokinetics does not establish clinical efficacy or mitochondrial attachment. exposure: Single 600-mg racemic oral formulations: solution and tablets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/25506250.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "539058a215e046b23d352d40f72f6e4fd9259b6e746770584d8852d650990973", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2050, "text_sha256": "539058a215e046b23d352d40f72f6e4fd9259b6e746770584d8852d650990973"} [ala-p25506250] Enantiomer-selective pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and sex effects of various alpha-lipoic acid dosage forms. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25506250/ DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s71574

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/25506250.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "539058a215e046b23d352d40f72f6e4fd9259b6e746770584d8852d650990973", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2050, "text_sha256": "539058a215e046b23d352d40f72f6e4fd9259b6e746770584d8852d650990973"}

experimental_model

Randomized four-way crossover pharmacokinetic study in 24 healthy volunteers

exposure

Single 600-mg racemic oral formulations: solution and tablets

limitations

Exposure differences are formulation specific; plasma pharmacokinetics does not establish clinical efficacy or mitochondrial attachment.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Human

plain_language

Blood levels rose quickly after these single doses.

primary_references

[ala-p25506250] Enantiomer-selective pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and sex effects of various alpha-lipoic acid dosage forms. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25506250/ DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s71574

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 650–661

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized four-way crossover pharmacokinetic study in 24 healthy volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-rapid-enantiomer-peaks Median peak times for both lipoic-acid enantiomers were approximately 0.33–0.5 hours across the studied formulations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blood levels rose quickly after these single doses. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma experimental_model: Randomized four-way crossover pharmacokinetic study in 24 healthy volunteers limitations: Exposure differences are formulation specific; plasma pharmacokinetics does not establish clinical efficacy or mitochondrial attachment. exposure: Single 600-mg racemic oral formulations: solution and tablets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/25506250.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "539058a215e046b23d352d40f72f6e4fd9259b6e746770584d8852d650990973", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2050, "text_sha256": "539058a215e046b23d352d40f72f6e4fd9259b6e746770584d8852d650990973"} [ala-p25506250] Enantiomer-selective pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and sex effects of various alpha-lipoic acid dosage forms. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25506250/ DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s71574