Nutrient chapter

Hydroxytyrosol

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol, an olive phenol also formed endogenously from tyrosol. Free compound, conjugates and olive-food matrices are distinct exposures.

11 recorded mechanisms · 1 availability situations · 1 preserved sources. Draft and verified records are labeled separately.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

The mechanisms

What the sources say this nutrient does, one relationship at a time. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

  1. After 25 mL virgin olive oil, plasma hydroxytyrosol peaked early, free forms were not detected, and about 98% appeared in conjugated forms; estimated half-life was 2.43 hours.

    Hydroxytyrosol → Human hydroxytyrosol conjugate pool source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    25 mL virgin olive oil
    duration
    0-12 hours
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Human volunteers after a real-life virgin-olive-oil dose
    limitations
    Hydrolytic sample preparation estimates conjugated pools; recovery does not prove which conjugate is active.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Human volunteers after a real-life virgin-olive-oil dose
    plain_language
    After 25 mL virgin olive oil, plasma hydroxytyrosol peaked early, free forms were not detected, and about 98% appeared in conjugated forms; estimated half-life was 2.43 hours.
    primary_references
    Hydroxytyrosol disposition in humans. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12765992/ DOI: 10.1373/49.6.945
    route
    Oral food
    tissue
    Plasma and urine hydroxytyrosol and 3-O-methyl-hydroxytyrosol

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 11–20

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human volunteers after a real-life virgin-olive-oil dose · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-olive-oil-disposition After 25 mL virgin olive oil, plasma hydroxytyrosol peaked early, free forms were not detected, and about 98% appeared in conjugated forms; estimated half-life was 2.43 hours. Model/species: Human volunteers after a real-life virgin-olive-oil dose Tissue/system: Plasma and urine hydroxytyrosol and 3-O-methyl-hydroxytyrosol Exposure: 25 mL virgin olive oil Route: Oral food Duration: 0-12 hours Limits: Hydrolytic sample preparation estimates conjugated pools; recovery does not prove which conjugate is active. Primary reference: Hydroxytyrosol disposition in humans. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12765992/ DOI: 10.1373/49.6.945 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. With the same 5 mg hydroxytyrosol dose, extra-virgin olive oil produced higher 30-minute plasma hydroxytyrosol and greater urinary recovery than control in a 20-person double-blind study.

    Extra-virgin olive oil → Hydroxytyrosol source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    5 mg hydroxytyrosol in different food matrices
    duration
    Early plasma and urine sampling
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Twenty human volunteers
    limitations
    Matrix effects do not establish superior clinical outcomes and may reflect absorption, metabolism, or analytical recovery.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Twenty human volunteers
    plain_language
    With the same 5 mg hydroxytyrosol dose, extra-virgin olive oil produced higher 30-minute plasma hydroxytyrosol and greater urinary recovery than control in a 20-person double-blind study.
    primary_references
    Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydroxytyrosol are dependent on the food matrix in humans. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32524230/ DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02295-0
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    Plasma and urinary hydroxytyrosol/metabolite pharmacokinetics

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 22–31

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twenty human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-food-matrix With the same 5 mg hydroxytyrosol dose, extra-virgin olive oil produced higher 30-minute plasma hydroxytyrosol and greater urinary recovery than control in a 20-person double-blind study. Model/species: Twenty human volunteers Tissue/system: Plasma and urinary hydroxytyrosol/metabolite pharmacokinetics Exposure: 5 mg hydroxytyrosol in different food matrices Route: Oral Duration: Early plasma and urine sampling Limits: Matrix effects do not establish superior clinical outcomes and may reflect absorption, metabolism, or analytical recovery. Primary reference: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydroxytyrosol are dependent on the food matrix in humans. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32524230/ DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02295-0 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. After single olive-derived supplement doses, homovanillic acid, hydroxytyrosol-3-O-sulfate and DOPAC were major plasma and urine metabolites, with plasma peaks at about 30 minutes.

    Hydroxytyrosol → Homovanillic acid, hydroxytyrosol-3-O-sulfate and DOPAC source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    30.58 or 61.48 mg hydroxytyrosol supplement; fortified olive-oil control
    duration
    0.5-12 hours
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Twelve healthy volunteers in a randomized blinded crossover study
    limitations
    Higher bioavailability is a prerequisite, not proof of cardiovascular protection.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Twelve healthy volunteers in a randomized blinded crossover study
    plain_language
    After single olive-derived supplement doses, homovanillic acid, hydroxytyrosol-3-O-sulfate and DOPAC were major plasma and urine metabolites, with plasma peaks at about 30 minutes.
    primary_references
    Oral Bioavailability and Metabolism of Hydroxytyrosol from Food Supplements. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678196/ DOI: 10.3390/nu15020325
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    Plasma and urine UHPLC-MS/MS

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 33–42

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twelve healthy volunteers in a randomized blinded crossover study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-supplement-metabolites After single olive-derived supplement doses, homovanillic acid, hydroxytyrosol-3-O-sulfate and DOPAC were major plasma and urine metabolites, with plasma peaks at about 30 minutes. Model/species: Twelve healthy volunteers in a randomized blinded crossover study Tissue/system: Plasma and urine UHPLC-MS/MS Exposure: 30.58 or 61.48 mg hydroxytyrosol supplement; fortified olive-oil control Route: Oral Duration: 0.5-12 hours Limits: Higher bioavailability is a prerequisite, not proof of cardiovascular protection. Primary reference: Oral Bioavailability and Metabolism of Hydroxytyrosol from Food Supplements. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678196/ DOI: 10.3390/nu15020325 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes converted tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol, with CYP2A6 and CYP2D6 supported as major contributors and CYP3A4 also active in baculosomes.

    Tyrosol → Hydroxytyrosol source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Tyrosol with selective CYP inhibitors or recombinant enzymes
    duration
    Enzyme incubation
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Human liver microsomes, recombinant CYPs, genotyped livers and rat control experiments
    limitations
    Relative contribution varies by genotype and setting; this does not make every tyrosol food equivalent to hydroxytyrosol dosing.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Human liver microsomes, recombinant CYPs, genotyped livers and rat control experiments
    plain_language
    Human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes converted tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol, with CYP2A6 and CYP2D6 supported as major contributors and CYP3A4 also active in baculosomes.
    primary_references
    CYP2D6 and CYP2A6 biotransform dietary tyrosol into hydroxytyrosol. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27664690/ DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.026
    route
    In vitro and in vivo experimental metabolism
    tissue
    Tyrosol hydroxylation

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 44–53

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver microsomes, recombinant CYPs, genotyped livers and rat control experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-tyrosol-cyp-conversion Human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes converted tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol, with CYP2A6 and CYP2D6 supported as major contributors and CYP3A4 also active in baculosomes. Model/species: Human liver microsomes, recombinant CYPs, genotyped livers and rat control experiments Tissue/system: Tyrosol hydroxylation Exposure: Tyrosol with selective CYP inhibitors or recombinant enzymes Route: In vitro and in vivo experimental metabolism Duration: Enzyme incubation Limits: Relative contribution varies by genotype and setting; this does not make every tyrosol food equivalent to hydroxytyrosol dosing. Primary reference: CYP2D6 and CYP2A6 biotransform dietary tyrosol into hydroxytyrosol. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27664690/ DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.026 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. After beer or red wine in 20 adults, urinary recovery supported tyrosol-to-hydroxytyrosol conversion, and the conversion ratio tracked CYP2A6/CYP2D6 activity score, sex and beverage matrix.

    Tyrosol → Hydroxytyrosol source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Red wine, IPA, blonde beer or non-alcoholic beer
    duration
    Single-dose crossover
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Twenty healthy adults in a randomized crossover trial
    limitations
    Alcohol and beverage constituents are co-exposures; the study does not justify alcohol consumption for hydroxytyrosol production.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Twenty healthy adults in a randomized crossover trial
    plain_language
    After beer or red wine in 20 adults, urinary recovery supported tyrosol-to-hydroxytyrosol conversion, and the conversion ratio tracked CYP2A6/CYP2D6 activity score, sex and beverage matrix.
    primary_references
    Generation of the Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol from Tyrosol Present in Beer and Red Wine in a Randomized Clinical Trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540384/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11092241
    route
    Oral beverage
    tissue
    Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol recovery with genotype score

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 55–64

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twenty healthy adults in a randomized crossover trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-human-tyrosol-conversion After beer or red wine in 20 adults, urinary recovery supported tyrosol-to-hydroxytyrosol conversion, and the conversion ratio tracked CYP2A6/CYP2D6 activity score, sex and beverage matrix. Model/species: Twenty healthy adults in a randomized crossover trial Tissue/system: Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol recovery with genotype score Exposure: Red wine, IPA, blonde beer or non-alcoholic beer Route: Oral beverage Duration: Single-dose crossover Limits: Alcohol and beverage constituents are co-exposures; the study does not justify alcohol consumption for hydroxytyrosol production. Primary reference: Generation of the Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol from Tyrosol Present in Beer and Red Wine in a Randomized Clinical Trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540384/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11092241 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Hydroxytyrosol at 5 or 25 mg/day for one week did not significantly change PBMC phase-II enzyme expression in a randomized placebo-controlled Latin-square study.

    Hydroxytyrosol → Phase-II enzyme expression in human PBMCs source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    5 or 25 mg/day hydroxytyrosol versus placebo
    duration
    1 week
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Human participants in a double-blind randomized Latin-square trial
    limitations
    PBMC expression over one week does not exclude effects in other tissues, doses or durations.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Human participants in a double-blind randomized Latin-square trial
    plain_language
    Hydroxytyrosol at 5 or 25 mg/day for one week did not significantly change PBMC phase-II enzyme expression in a randomized placebo-controlled Latin-square study.
    primary_references
    One-week administration of hydroxytyrosol to humans does not activate Phase II enzymes. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25836918/ DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.018
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    PBMC phase-II enzymes

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 66–75

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human participants in a double-blind randomized Latin-square trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-phase2-null Hydroxytyrosol at 5 or 25 mg/day for one week did not significantly change PBMC phase-II enzyme expression in a randomized placebo-controlled Latin-square study. Model/species: Human participants in a double-blind randomized Latin-square trial Tissue/system: PBMC phase-II enzymes Exposure: 5 or 25 mg/day hydroxytyrosol versus placebo Route: Oral Duration: 1 week Limits: PBMC expression over one week does not exclude effects in other tissues, doses or durations. Primary reference: One-week administration of hydroxytyrosol to humans does not activate Phase II enzymes. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25836918/ DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.018 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. The same one-week trial did not detect significant changes in lipid profile or tested inflammation and oxidation markers.

    Hydroxytyrosol → Human lipid, inflammatory and oxidation surrogate-marker panel source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    5 or 25 mg/day hydroxytyrosol
    duration
    1 week
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Human randomized placebo-controlled trial
    limitations
    Short duration and surrogate outcomes limit inference, but the null result should accompany mechanistic claims.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Human randomized placebo-controlled trial
    plain_language
    The same one-week trial did not detect significant changes in lipid profile or tested inflammation and oxidation markers.
    primary_references
    One-week administration of hydroxytyrosol to humans does not activate Phase II enzymes. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25836918/ DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.018
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    Cardiovascular surrogate markers

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 77–86

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human randomized placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-cardiometabolic-null The same one-week trial did not detect significant changes in lipid profile or tested inflammation and oxidation markers. Model/species: Human randomized placebo-controlled trial Tissue/system: Cardiovascular surrogate markers Exposure: 5 or 25 mg/day hydroxytyrosol Route: Oral Duration: 1 week Limits: Short duration and surrogate outcomes limit inference, but the null result should accompany mechanistic claims. Primary reference: One-week administration of hydroxytyrosol to humans does not activate Phase II enzymes. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25836918/ DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.018 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. A 15 mg/day gastroresistant formulation for three weeks increased thiol groups, total antioxidant status and SOD1 expression while reducing nitrite, nitrate and malondialdehyde in healthy volunteers.

    Hydroxytyrosol → Human antioxidant and oxidation marker profile source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    15 mg/day hydroxytyrosol formulation
    duration
    3 weeks
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Healthy human volunteers in a randomized double-blind crossover trial
    limitations
    Small surrogate-marker study; body-composition changes were small and do not establish disease prevention.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Healthy human volunteers in a randomized double-blind crossover trial
    plain_language
    A 15 mg/day gastroresistant formulation for three weeks increased thiol groups, total antioxidant status and SOD1 expression while reducing nitrite, nitrate and malondialdehyde in healthy volunteers.
    primary_references
    Antioxidant Effects of a Hydroxytyrosol-Based Pharmaceutical Formulation on Body Composition, Metabolic State, and Gene Expression: A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28855976/ DOI: 10.1155/2017/2473495
    route
    Oral gastroresistant capsules
    tissue
    Serum metabolites, oxidation markers and gene expression

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 88–97

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy human volunteers in a randomized double-blind crossover trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-antioxidant-markers A 15 mg/day gastroresistant formulation for three weeks increased thiol groups, total antioxidant status and SOD1 expression while reducing nitrite, nitrate and malondialdehyde in healthy volunteers. Model/species: Healthy human volunteers in a randomized double-blind crossover trial Tissue/system: Serum metabolites, oxidation markers and gene expression Exposure: 15 mg/day hydroxytyrosol formulation Route: Oral gastroresistant capsules Duration: 3 weeks Limits: Small surrogate-marker study; body-composition changes were small and do not establish disease prevention. Primary reference: Antioxidant Effects of a Hydroxytyrosol-Based Pharmaceutical Formulation on Body Composition, Metabolic State, and Gene Expression: A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28855976/ DOI: 10.1155/2017/2473495 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  9. In 14 volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia, 45 mg/day purified hydroxytyrosol doubled measured vitamin C at weeks 4 and 8 relative to baseline.

    Hydroxytyrosol → Human serum vitamin C concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Purified hydroxytyrosol 45 mg/day
    duration
    8 weeks
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Fourteen human volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia
    limitations
    The study compared follow-up with baseline and did not resolve the mechanism or prove benefit from combining supplements.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Fourteen human volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia
    plain_language
    In 14 volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia, 45 mg/day purified hydroxytyrosol doubled measured vitamin C at weeks 4 and 8 relative to baseline.
    primary_references
    Hydroxytyrosol supplementation increases vitamin C levels in vivo. A human volunteer trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28063380/ DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.014
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    Vitamins, minerals and clinical chemistry

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 99–108

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fourteen human volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-vitamin-c In 14 volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia, 45 mg/day purified hydroxytyrosol doubled measured vitamin C at weeks 4 and 8 relative to baseline. Model/species: Fourteen human volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia Tissue/system: Vitamins, minerals and clinical chemistry Exposure: Purified hydroxytyrosol 45 mg/day Route: Oral Duration: 8 weeks Limits: The study compared follow-up with baseline and did not resolve the mechanism or prove benefit from combining supplements. Primary reference: Hydroxytyrosol supplementation increases vitamin C levels in vivo. A human volunteer trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28063380/ DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.014 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  10. During the same 45 mg/day trial, serum and red-cell folate and serum ferritin fell at weeks 4 and 8, while serum iron remained stable.

    Hydroxytyrosol → Human serum/RBC folate and ferritin markers source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Purified hydroxytyrosol 45 mg/day
    duration
    8 weeks
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Fourteen volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia
    limitations
    A small baseline-comparison study cannot establish deficiency, iron depletion, or a causal nutrient interaction without controlled replication.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Fourteen volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia
    plain_language
    During the same 45 mg/day trial, serum and red-cell folate and serum ferritin fell at weeks 4 and 8, while serum iron remained stable.
    primary_references
    Hydroxytyrosol supplementation increases vitamin C levels in vivo. A human volunteer trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28063380/ DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.014
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    Nutrient and iron-status markers

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 110–119

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fourteen volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-folate-ferritin During the same 45 mg/day trial, serum and red-cell folate and serum ferritin fell at weeks 4 and 8, while serum iron remained stable. Model/species: Fourteen volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia Tissue/system: Nutrient and iron-status markers Exposure: Purified hydroxytyrosol 45 mg/day Route: Oral Duration: 8 weeks Limits: A small baseline-comparison study cannot establish deficiency, iron depletion, or a causal nutrient interaction without controlled replication. Primary reference: Hydroxytyrosol supplementation increases vitamin C levels in vivo. A human volunteer trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28063380/ DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.014 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  11. Compound C blocked hydroxytyrosol-associated PINK1 mitophagy in zebrafish liver cells, and cyclosporine blocked the measured mitochondrial benefits.

    Compound C AMPK inhibitor → Hydroxytyrosol-associated PINK1-mediated mitophagy source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    dose
    Hydroxytyrosol with compound C or cyclosporine
    duration
    Cell assay accompanying fish feeding
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Zebrafish liver cell line with an eight-week spotted-seabass feeding arm
    limitations
    This fish/cell mechanism is not direct evidence for human liver disease or a clinical drug interaction.
    nutrient_topic
    Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol
    organism
    Zebrafish liver cell line with an eight-week spotted-seabass feeding arm
    plain_language
    Compound C blocked hydroxytyrosol-associated PINK1 mitophagy in zebrafish liver cells, and cyclosporine blocked the measured mitochondrial benefits.
    primary_references
    Hydroxytyrosol Promotes the Mitochondrial Function through Activating Mitophagy. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35624756/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050893
    route
    In vitro perturbation
    tissue
    AMPK/PINK1 mitophagy and mitochondrial function
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 121–130

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Zebrafish liver cell line with an eight-week spotted-seabass feeding arm · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hydroxytyrosol-ampk-pink1-mitophagy Compound C blocked hydroxytyrosol-associated PINK1 mitophagy in zebrafish liver cells, and cyclosporine blocked the measured mitochondrial benefits. Model/species: Zebrafish liver cell line with an eight-week spotted-seabass feeding arm Tissue/system: AMPK/PINK1 mitophagy and mitochondrial function Exposure: Hydroxytyrosol with compound C or cyclosporine Route: In vitro perturbation Duration: Cell assay accompanying fish feeding Limits: This fish/cell mechanism is not direct evidence for human liver disease or a clinical drug interaction. Primary reference: Hydroxytyrosol Promotes the Mitochondrial Function through Activating Mitophagy. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35624756/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050893 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Availability and dependencies

Each situation shows the normal role first, then what the sources report under a specific condition. A shortfall in the diet, a fault in the machinery, and a low blood reading are kept separate because they are not the same thing.

AMPK/PINK1 machinery is required for the measured mitophagy response

Condition: machinery_impairment · AMPK is inhibited by compound C or mitophagy is inhibited by cyclosporine.

Normal role: Hydroxytyrosol activates AMPK/PINK1-associated mitophagy in the model.

Recorded consequence: The mitochondrial/mitophagy response disappears.

Scope: Fish-derived cell assay.

The sources

Every document behind this chapter is preserved word for word. Open one to read it in full with its recorded conflicts marked in place.

  • Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20)Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source

Recorded disagreements

Where two sources say different things, both are kept and the difference is explained. You can discuss a disagreement or propose a mechanism that might account for it.

    Open questions in this collection

    Questions the curators could not answer from the sources in front of them, kept here with the reason each one is still open. These are gaps in this collection, not findings or proof that no one has studied them.

      Chapters are assembled from supplied drafts and curated literature summaries. Statements remain unverified against the primary studies, and the ledger is not medical advice.

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      Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards