Component

Vanadyl sulfate

Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.

10 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Seven healthy active adults showed no improvement in fasting glucose, fasting insulin or OGTT-derived insulin-sensitivity index after one or seven days of vanadyl sulfate.

    Vanadyl sulfate → Insulin sensitivity in healthy active adults after vanadyl source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    One hundred mg before acute testing, then 50 mg twice daily for six days; within-person design.
    limitations
    Small short study without a randomized placebo comparator; not proof of no effect at every exposure.
    nutrient_topic
    Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium
    plain_language
    The small healthy-volunteer study did not show the hoped-for insulin benefit.
    primary_references
    Effect of acute and short-term administration of vanadyl sulphate on insulin sensitivity in healthy active humans. · 2002 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12500990/ · DOI 10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.470

    Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 446–452

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · One hundred mg before acute testing, then 50 mg twice daily for six days; within-person design. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## vanadium-healthy-null The small healthy-volunteer study did not show the hoped-for insulin benefit. Seven healthy active adults showed no improvement in fasting glucose, fasting insulin or OGTT-derived insulin-sensitivity index after one or seven days of vanadyl sulfate. Model: One hundred mg before acute testing, then 50 mg twice daily for six days; within-person design. Limitations: Small short study without a randomized placebo comparator; not proof of no effect at every exposure. Evidence access: Primary abstract Effect of acute and short-term administration of vanadyl sulphate on insulin sensitivity in healthy active humans. · 2002 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12500990/ · DOI 10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.470
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Daily urinary recovery was roughly 1% or less of administered elemental V in the trial, used by the authors to estimate low oral absorption.

    Vanadyl sulfate → Urinary recovery of orally administered vanadium source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Same cohort; steady-state urine measurements.
    limitations
    The full text calls this a minimum absorption estimate because tissue accumulation and other compartments can matter; do not present it as complete mass balance.
    nutrient_topic
    Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium
    plain_language
    Only a small fraction of the oral dose appeared in urine each day.
    primary_references
    Coordination chemistry may explain pharmacokinetics and clinical response of vanadyl sulfate in type 2 diabetic patients. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23982218/ · DOI 10.1039/c3mt00162h

    Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 430–436

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same cohort; steady-state urine measurements. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## vanadium-human-absorption-estimate Only a small fraction of the oral dose appeared in urine each day. Daily urinary recovery was roughly 1% or less of administered elemental V in the trial, used by the authors to estimate low oral absorption. Model: Same cohort; steady-state urine measurements. Limitations: The full text calls this a minimum absorption estimate because tissue accumulation and other compartments can matter; do not present it as complete mass balance. Evidence access: Primary full text Coordination chemistry may explain pharmacokinetics and clinical response of vanadyl sulfate in type 2 diabetic patients. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23982218/ · DOI 10.1039/c3mt00162h
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. The fitted serum elimination half-times averaged about 4.7 and 4.6 days in the 50- and 100-mg elemental-V/day groups.

    Vanadyl sulfate → Serum vanadium elimination after sulfate exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Same cohort; one-compartment first-order model.
    limitations
    Elemental V amounts differ from sulfate mass; fitted serum kinetics are not every tissue’s clearance.
    nutrient_topic
    Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium
    plain_language
    Metal handling continues beyond the last swallowed dose.
    primary_references
    Coordination chemistry may explain pharmacokinetics and clinical response of vanadyl sulfate in type 2 diabetic patients. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23982218/ · DOI 10.1039/c3mt00162h

    Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 422–428

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same cohort; one-compartment first-order model. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## vanadium-human-excretion Metal handling continues beyond the last swallowed dose. The fitted serum elimination half-times averaged about 4.7 and 4.6 days in the 50- and 100-mg elemental-V/day groups. Model: Same cohort; one-compartment first-order model. Limitations: Elemental V amounts differ from sulfate mass; fitted serum kinetics are not every tissue’s clearance. Evidence access: Primary full text Coordination chemistry may explain pharmacokinetics and clinical response of vanadyl sulfate in type 2 diabetic patients. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23982218/ · DOI 10.1039/c3mt00162h
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. The 150- and 300-mg/day sulfate regimens caused some gastrointestinal intolerance during the six-week trial.

    Vanadyl sulfate → Gastrointestinal intolerance during vanadyl sulfate studies source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Small human type-2-diabetes study.
    limitations
    Short follow-up and limited endpoints do not establish long-term safety.
    nutrient_topic
    Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium
    plain_language
    Tolerability limits matter alongside the metabolic signals.
    primary_references
    Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726921/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90418-9

    Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 406–412

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Small human type-2-diabetes study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## vanadium-human-gi Tolerability limits matter alongside the metabolic signals. The 150- and 300-mg/day sulfate regimens caused some gastrointestinal intolerance during the six-week trial. Model: Small human type-2-diabetes study. Limitations: Short follow-up and limited endpoints do not establish long-term safety. Evidence access: Primary abstract Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726921/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90418-9
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. In the 16-person six-week type-2-diabetes trial, clamp glucose metabolism did not improve at 75 mg/day VOSO4; improvement occurred in three of five at 150 mg/day and four of eight at 300 mg/day.

    Vanadyl sulfate → Clamp glucose disposal after vanadyl sulfate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Small placebo-lead-in dose-ranging trial; doses are sulfate preparation mass.
    limitations
    Responder counts are not a demonstrated group-wide clinical benefit; later pharmacokinetic analysis uses the same cohort.
    nutrient_topic
    Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium
    plain_language
    Some individuals responded while others did not.
    primary_references
    Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726921/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90418-9

    Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 374–380

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Small placebo-lead-in dose-ranging trial; doses are sulfate preparation mass. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## vanadium-human-glucose-variable Some individuals responded while others did not. In the 16-person six-week type-2-diabetes trial, clamp glucose metabolism did not improve at 75 mg/day VOSO4; improvement occurred in three of five at 150 mg/day and four of eight at 300 mg/day. Model: Small placebo-lead-in dose-ranging trial; doses are sulfate preparation mass. Limitations: Responder counts are not a demonstrated group-wide clinical benefit; later pharmacokinetic analysis uses the same cohort. Evidence access: Primary abstract Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726921/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90418-9
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Vanadyl did not change basal or insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen-synthase activity in the six-week study.

    Vanadyl sulfate → Muscle glycogen-synthase activity after vanadyl sulfate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Human muscle assay from the dose-ranging trial.
    limitations
    Assay result is not a full glycogen-flux measurement.
    nutrient_topic
    Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium
    plain_language
    A change in upstream signaling did not establish a change at every downstream enzyme.
    primary_references
    Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726921/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90418-9

    Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 398–404

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human muscle assay from the dose-ranging trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## vanadium-human-glycogen-null A change in upstream signaling did not establish a change at every downstream enzyme. Vanadyl did not change basal or insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen-synthase activity in the six-week study. Model: Human muscle assay from the dose-ranging trial. Limitations: Assay result is not a full glycogen-flux measurement. Evidence access: Primary abstract Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726921/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90418-9
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. Basal hepatic glucose production and its insulin suppression were unchanged at all three doses in the 16-person trial.

    Vanadyl sulfate → Hepatic glucose production in the six-week vanadyl trial source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Same six-week type-2-diabetes dose-ranging study.
    limitations
    Different results in a smaller sequential study are retained with study design and dose, not automatically labeled contradiction.
    nutrient_topic
    Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium
    plain_language
    A peripheral response did not imply improved liver insulin response.
    primary_references
    Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726921/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90418-9

    Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 382–388

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same six-week type-2-diabetes dose-ranging study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## vanadium-human-hepatic-null A peripheral response did not imply improved liver insulin response. Basal hepatic glucose production and its insulin suppression were unchanged at all three doses in the 16-person trial. Model: Same six-week type-2-diabetes dose-ranging study. Limitations: Different results in a smaller sequential study are retained with study design and dose, not automatically labeled contradiction. Evidence access: Primary abstract Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726921/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90418-9
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. After vanadyl treatment, muscle showed trends toward increased basal insulin-receptor, IRS1 and Shc tyrosine phosphorylation and IRS1-associated PI3K activity without additional insulin-stimulated increases.

    Vanadyl sulfate → Insulin receptor / INSR source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Human muscle samples from the same 16-person trial.
    limitations
    Reported as trends; phosphorylation patterns did not clearly correlate with glucose disposal. No proven nutrient requirement.
    nutrient_topic
    Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium
    plain_language
    Early signaling markers did not guarantee a larger response to insulin.
    primary_references
    Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726921/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90418-9

    Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 390–396

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human muscle samples from the same 16-person trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## vanadium-human-signaling Early signaling markers did not guarantee a larger response to insulin. After vanadyl treatment, muscle showed trends toward increased basal insulin-receptor, IRS1 and Shc tyrosine phosphorylation and IRS1-associated PI3K activity without additional insulin-stimulated increases. Model: Human muscle samples from the same 16-person trial. Limitations: Reported as trends; phosphorylation patterns did not clearly correlate with glucose disposal. No proven nutrient requirement. Evidence access: Primary abstract Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726921/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90418-9
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  9. In eight patients given 50 mg vanadyl sulfate twice daily for four weeks, fasting glucose and hepatic glucose output during insulin infusion decreased, without significant whole-body glucose-uptake improvement.

    Vanadyl sulfate → Insulin-suppressed hepatic glucose output after four weeks of vanadyl source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Single-blind sequential study; six patients continued to a subsequent placebo phase.
    limitations
    Fixed treatment order and persistence into placebo complicate causal inference; six of eight had early gastrointestinal effects.
    nutrient_topic
    Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium
    plain_language
    Another small study found a liver-associated effect rather than broad uptake improvement.
    primary_references
    Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. · 1996 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8781301/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90013-x

    Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 438–444

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-blind sequential study; six patients continued to a subsequent placebo phase. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## vanadium-human-small-hepatic-positive Another small study found a liver-associated effect rather than broad uptake improvement. In eight patients given 50 mg vanadyl sulfate twice daily for four weeks, fasting glucose and hepatic glucose output during insulin infusion decreased, without significant whole-body glucose-uptake improvement. Model: Single-blind sequential study; six patients continued to a subsequent placebo phase. Limitations: Fixed treatment order and persistence into placebo complicate causal inference; six of eight had early gastrointestinal effects. Evidence access: Primary abstract Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. · 1996 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8781301/ · DOI 10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90013-x
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Total serum vanadium was not significantly correlated with insulin sensitivity in the pharmacokinetic analysis of the 16-person trial.

    Total vanadium in human serum → Clamp glucose disposal after vanadyl sulfate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Reanalysis of the same six-week vanadyl cohort; serum/blood/urine measurements.
    limitations
    Not independent efficacy replication; unmeasured tissue pools remain a hypothesis.
    nutrient_topic
    Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium
    plain_language
    Total circulating metal is not a reliable proxy for the active tissue species.
    primary_references
    Coordination chemistry may explain pharmacokinetics and clinical response of vanadyl sulfate in type 2 diabetic patients. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23982218/ · DOI 10.1039/c3mt00162h
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 414–420

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Reanalysis of the same six-week vanadyl cohort; serum/blood/urine measurements. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## vanadium-human-serum-marker Total circulating metal is not a reliable proxy for the active tissue species. Total serum vanadium was not significantly correlated with insulin sensitivity in the pharmacokinetic analysis of the 16-person trial. Model: Reanalysis of the same six-week vanadyl cohort; serum/blood/urine measurements. Limitations: Not independent efficacy replication; unmeasured tissue pools remain a hypothesis. Evidence access: Primary full text Coordination chemistry may explain pharmacokinetics and clinical response of vanadyl sulfate in type 2 diabetic patients. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23982218/ · DOI 10.1039/c3mt00162h
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

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