Component

Retinal G protein-coupled receptor / RGR opsin

Nonvisual retinoid photoisomerase protein in ocular support cells; distinguish protein activity from Rgr gene manipulation.

10 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. RGR purified from bovine RPE contained predominantly all-trans-retinal as its endogenous dark-state chromophore.

    Retinal G protein-coupled receptor / RGR opsin → All-trans-retinal source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Abstract: endogenous retinaloxime isomers
    experimental_model
    Native RGR purification and hydroxylamine derivatization
    exposure
    Dark-handled purified protein; retinal-oxime isomers identified.
    limitations
    Abstract-limited; binding composition does not quantify whole-eye recycling.
    nutrient
    Vitamin A · Vitamin A
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Bos taurus
    plain_language
    RGR carries the spent all-trans retinal isomer before light reaches it.
    primary_references
    [vav-hao1999] The endogenous chromophore of retinal G protein-coupled receptor opsin from the pigment epithelium. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10037690/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6085
    tissue_or_cell_type
    retinal pigment epithelium

    Vitamin A expansion: reproduction, light-driven vision and shared mechanisms (2026-09-17) · lines 408–421

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Native RGR purification and hydroxylamine derivatization · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vae-rgr-dark-chromophore RGR purified from bovine RPE contained predominantly all-trans-retinal as its endogenous dark-state chromophore. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: RGR carries the spent all-trans retinal isomer before light reaches it. organism: Bos taurus tissue_or_cell_type: retinal pigment epithelium experimental_model: Native RGR purification and hydroxylamine derivatization limitations: Abstract-limited; binding composition does not quantify whole-eye recycling. exposure: Dark-handled purified protein; retinal-oxime isomers identified. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Abstract: endogenous retinaloxime isomers nutrient: Vitamin A [vav-hao1999] The endogenous chromophore of retinal G protein-coupled receptor opsin from the pigment epithelium. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10037690/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6085
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. After photoisomerization in native bovine RPE microsomes, the RGR 11-cis-retinylidene Schiff base hydrolyzed with an estimated 7.5-second half-life at 20 degrees Celsius.

    Retinal G protein-coupled receptor / RGR opsin → 11-cis-retinal source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Figure 1D-F; STAR Methods: hydrolysis kinetics
    experimental_model
    LC-MS/MS and retinoid analysis of native microsomes
    exposure
    20 micromolar all-trans-retinal; 10-second 530-nm exposure, followed by dark incubation at 20 degrees Celsius.
    limitations
    Temperature-specific membrane kinetics do not directly specify a human whole-eye rate.
    nutrient
    Vitamin A · Vitamin A
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Bos taurus
    plain_language
    RGR released regenerated retinal within seconds in the membrane preparation.
    primary_references
    [vav-tworak2023] Rapid RGR-dependent visual pigment recycling is mediated by the RPE and specialized Müller glia. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585292/ DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112982
    tissue_or_cell_type
    RPE microsomes

    Vitamin A expansion: reproduction, light-driven vision and shared mechanisms (2026-09-17) · lines 498–511

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · LC-MS/MS and retinoid analysis of native microsomes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vae-rgr-photoproduct-release After photoisomerization in native bovine RPE microsomes, the RGR 11-cis-retinylidene Schiff base hydrolyzed with an estimated 7.5-second half-life at 20 degrees Celsius. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: RGR released regenerated retinal within seconds in the membrane preparation. organism: Bos taurus tissue_or_cell_type: RPE microsomes experimental_model: LC-MS/MS and retinoid analysis of native microsomes limitations: Temperature-specific membrane kinetics do not directly specify a human whole-eye rate. exposure: 20 micromolar all-trans-retinal; 10-second 530-nm exposure, followed by dark incubation at 20 degrees Celsius. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Figure 1D-F; STAR Methods: hydrolysis kinetics nutrient: Vitamin A [vav-tworak2023] Rapid RGR-dependent visual pigment recycling is mediated by the RPE and specialized Müller glia. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585292/ DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112982
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. HEK293T cells coexpressing bovine RGR and RDH10 generated more 11-cis-retinol from all-trans-retinol during illumination than cells expressing either protein alone.

    Retinal G protein-coupled receptor / RGR opsin → Retinol dehydrogenase 10 / RDH10 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Figure 1A; STAR Methods: Expression of RGR and RDH10
    experimental_model
    Recombinant bovine RGR/RDH10 coexpression
    exposure
    30-minute illumination; 5 micromolar all-trans-retinol; assay medium contained 250 micromolar NADPH.
    limitations
    Coupled output does not prove every proposed intermediate reaction or RDH10 necessity in intact retina. Added NADPH is an assay component, not a demonstrated dietary requirement.
    nutrient
    Vitamin A · Vitamin A
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Bos taurus proteins in Homo sapiens cells
    plain_language
    The two proteins supported light-dependent retinol recycling together in cultured cells.
    primary_references
    [vav-morshedian2019] Light-Driven Regeneration of Cone Visual Pigments through a Mechanism Involving RGR Opsin in Müller Glial Cells. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056353/ DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.004
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HEK293T culture

    Vitamin A expansion: reproduction, light-driven vision and shared mechanisms (2026-09-17) · lines 468–481

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant bovine RGR/RDH10 coexpression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vae-rgr-rdh10-coupled-retinol HEK293T cells coexpressing bovine RGR and RDH10 generated more 11-cis-retinol from all-trans-retinol during illumination than cells expressing either protein alone. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The two proteins supported light-dependent retinol recycling together in cultured cells. organism: Bos taurus proteins in Homo sapiens cells tissue_or_cell_type: HEK293T culture experimental_model: Recombinant bovine RGR/RDH10 coexpression limitations: Coupled output does not prove every proposed intermediate reaction or RDH10 necessity in intact retina. Added NADPH is an assay component, not a demonstrated dietary requirement. exposure: 30-minute illumination; 5 micromolar all-trans-retinol; assay medium contained 250 micromolar NADPH. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Figure 1A; STAR Methods: Expression of RGR and RDH10 nutrient: Vitamin A [vav-morshedian2019] Light-Driven Regeneration of Cone Visual Pigments through a Mechanism Involving RGR Opsin in Müller Glial Cells. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056353/ DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.004
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Adding native CRALBP increased the accumulation of light-generated 11-cis-retinal in bovine RPE microsomal assays compared with denatured CRALBP.

    Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein / CRALBP → 11-cis-retinal source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Results: Impact of CRALBP on the RPE photoisomerase activity; Figure 3d
    experimental_model
    Native versus denatured CRALBP in RPE microsomes
    exposure
    530-nm illumination; retinal substrate; Figure 3d comparison.
    limitations
    Product protection was inferred from yield; these assays do not establish supplement effects.
    nutrient
    Vitamin A · Vitamin A
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Bos taurus; recombinant human CRALBP reagent
    plain_language
    The retinoid-binding protein helps retain RGR pathway product.
    primary_references
    [vav-zhang2019] Photic generation of 11-cis-retinal in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31694912/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011169
    tissue_or_cell_type
    RPE microsomes

    Vitamin A expansion: reproduction, light-driven vision and shared mechanisms (2026-09-17) · lines 438–451

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Native versus denatured CRALBP in RPE microsomes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vae-cralbp-rgr-product-accumulation Adding native CRALBP increased the accumulation of light-generated 11-cis-retinal in bovine RPE microsomal assays compared with denatured CRALBP. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The retinoid-binding protein helps retain RGR pathway product. organism: Bos taurus; recombinant human CRALBP reagent tissue_or_cell_type: RPE microsomes experimental_model: Native versus denatured CRALBP in RPE microsomes limitations: Product protection was inferred from yield; these assays do not establish supplement effects. exposure: 530-nm illumination; retinal substrate; Figure 3d comparison. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Results: Impact of CRALBP on the RPE photoisomerase activity; Figure 3d nutrient: Vitamin A [vav-zhang2019] Photic generation of 11-cis-retinal in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31694912/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011169
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Isolated Rgr-null/Gnat1-null mouse retinas lost cone flash sensitivity faster during continuous light exposure than Rgr-intact/Gnat1-null controls.

    RGR loss → Cone flash sensitivity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Figures 4-5; Results: RGR opsin contributes to cone visual function
    experimental_model
    Ex vivo cone recordings without RPE; rod transduction disabled by Gnat1 deletion
    exposure
    505-nm background for up to 60 minutes; 10 micromolar all-trans-retinol in perfusate; 565-nm test flashes.
    limitations
    Whole-retina Rgr deletion alone does not localize the responsible cells; isolated tissue and supplied substrate differ from intact vision.
    nutrient
    Vitamin A · Vitamin A
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Mus musculus
    plain_language
    Cones maintained sensitivity less well when the isolated retina lacked RGR.
    primary_references
    [vav-morshedian2019] Light-Driven Regeneration of Cone Visual Pigments through a Mechanism Involving RGR Opsin in Müller Glial Cells. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056353/ DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.004
    tissue_or_cell_type
    isolated neural retina
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin A expansion: reproduction, light-driven vision and shared mechanisms (2026-09-17) · lines 483–496

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ex vivo cone recordings without RPE; rod transduction disabled by Gnat1 deletion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vae-rgr-isolated-cone-sensitivity Isolated Rgr-null/Gnat1-null mouse retinas lost cone flash sensitivity faster during continuous light exposure than Rgr-intact/Gnat1-null controls. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cones maintained sensitivity less well when the isolated retina lacked RGR. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: isolated neural retina experimental_model: Ex vivo cone recordings without RPE; rod transduction disabled by Gnat1 deletion limitations: Whole-retina Rgr deletion alone does not localize the responsible cells; isolated tissue and supplied substrate differ from intact vision. exposure: 505-nm background for up to 60 minutes; 10 micromolar all-trans-retinol in perfusate; 565-nm test flashes. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Figures 4-5; Results: RGR opsin contributes to cone visual function nutrient: Vitamin A [vav-morshedian2019] Light-Driven Regeneration of Cone Visual Pigments through a Mechanism Involving RGR Opsin in Müller Glial Cells. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056353/ DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.004
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Bovine RGR K255A produced little 11-cis-retinal under illumination despite expression comparable to wild-type RGR in HEK293S GnTI-negative cells.

    RGR K255A variant → 11-cis-retinal source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Results/Figure 7a-c
    experimental_model
    Recombinant bovine wild-type/K255A RGR comparison
    exposure
    All-trans-retinal and 530-nm light, with CRALBP; Figure 7.
    limitations
    Construct-specific assay; K255A numbering is retained from this paper.
    nutrient
    Vitamin A · Vitamin A
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Bos taurus protein in Homo sapiens cells
    plain_language
    Disrupting the retinal-binding lysine impaired the light-driven reaction.
    primary_references
    [vav-zhang2019] Photic generation of 11-cis-retinal in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31694912/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011169
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HEK293S GnTI-negative homogenates
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin A expansion: reproduction, light-driven vision and shared mechanisms (2026-09-17) · lines 453–466

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant bovine wild-type/K255A RGR comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vae-rgr-k255a-photoactivity Bovine RGR K255A produced little 11-cis-retinal under illumination despite expression comparable to wild-type RGR in HEK293S GnTI-negative cells. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Disrupting the retinal-binding lysine impaired the light-driven reaction. organism: Bos taurus protein in Homo sapiens cells tissue_or_cell_type: HEK293S GnTI-negative homogenates experimental_model: Recombinant bovine wild-type/K255A RGR comparison limitations: Construct-specific assay; K255A numbering is retained from this paper. exposure: All-trans-retinal and 530-nm light, with CRALBP; Figure 7. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Results/Figure 7a-c nutrient: Vitamin A [vav-zhang2019] Photic generation of 11-cis-retinal in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31694912/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011169
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. RgrStop/Stop mice with intact Gnat1 recovered rod ERG responses more slowly after sustained bright illumination than Rgr-intact controls.

    RGR loss → Rod dark adaptation source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Figure 8A; Results: RGR supports rod dark adaptation
    experimental_model
    Transcriptional-stop Rgr knockout; rod-driven ERG
    exposure
    530-nm background at 300 cd/m2 for 30 minutes; recovery followed in darkness.
    limitations
    Post-illumination recovery does not imply RGR catalyzes isomerization in darkness.
    nutrient
    Vitamin A · Vitamin A
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Mus musculus
    plain_language
    The light-driven recycling route also helped rods recover after the light was switched off.
    primary_references
    [vav-tworak2023] Rapid RGR-dependent visual pigment recycling is mediated by the RPE and specialized Müller glia. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585292/ DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112982
    tissue_or_cell_type
    intact eye; rod photoreceptors
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin A expansion: reproduction, light-driven vision and shared mechanisms (2026-09-17) · lines 543–556

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transcriptional-stop Rgr knockout; rod-driven ERG · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vae-rgr-loss-rod-dark-adaptation RgrStop/Stop mice with intact Gnat1 recovered rod ERG responses more slowly after sustained bright illumination than Rgr-intact controls. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The light-driven recycling route also helped rods recover after the light was switched off. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: intact eye; rod photoreceptors experimental_model: Transcriptional-stop Rgr knockout; rod-driven ERG limitations: Post-illumination recovery does not imply RGR catalyzes isomerization in darkness. exposure: 530-nm background at 300 cd/m2 for 30 minutes; recovery followed in darkness. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Figure 8A; Results: RGR supports rod dark adaptation nutrient: Vitamin A [vav-tworak2023] Rapid RGR-dependent visual pigment recycling is mediated by the RPE and specialized Müller glia. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585292/ DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112982
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Tamoxifen-induced Rgr reactivation through Glast-CreERT2 improved cone sensitivity during sustained light in RgrStop/Stop/Gnat1-null mice compared with untreated rescue-line controls.

    Müller-glia-restored RGR → Cone flash sensitivity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Figure 7B; Table S1
    experimental_model
    Cell-directed excision of a floxed transcriptional stop cassette
    exposure
    530-nm background at 300 cd/m2 for 60 minutes; cone b-wave sensitivity.
    limitations
    Each cellular rescue was partial; native relative contributions need not match other species.
    nutrient
    Vitamin A · Vitamin A
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Mus musculus
    plain_language
    Restoring RGR in Müller glia helped cones respond during prolonged light.
    primary_references
    [vav-tworak2023] Rapid RGR-dependent visual pigment recycling is mediated by the RPE and specialized Müller glia. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585292/ DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112982
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Müller glia; intact-eye ERG
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin A expansion: reproduction, light-driven vision and shared mechanisms (2026-09-17) · lines 528–541

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-directed excision of a floxed transcriptional stop cassette · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vae-rgr-muller-rescue-cones Tamoxifen-induced Rgr reactivation through Glast-CreERT2 improved cone sensitivity during sustained light in RgrStop/Stop/Gnat1-null mice compared with untreated rescue-line controls. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Restoring RGR in Müller glia helped cones respond during prolonged light. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Müller glia; intact-eye ERG experimental_model: Cell-directed excision of a floxed transcriptional stop cassette limitations: Each cellular rescue was partial; native relative contributions need not match other species. exposure: 530-nm background at 300 cd/m2 for 60 minutes; cone b-wave sensitivity. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Figure 7B; Table S1 nutrient: Vitamin A [vav-tworak2023] Rapid RGR-dependent visual pigment recycling is mediated by the RPE and specialized Müller glia. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585292/ DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112982
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Illuminating native bovine RGR converted its bound all-trans-retinal stereospecifically to the 11-cis configuration.

    All-trans-retinal → 11-cis-retinal source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Abstract: irradiation and isomer analysis
    experimental_model
    Purified native RGR photochemistry
    exposure
    470-nm monochromatic or near-UV irradiation; duration absent from the abstract.
    limitations
    Abstract-limited; the finding does not establish relative flux in living human eyes.
    nutrient
    Vitamin A · Vitamin A
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Bos taurus
    plain_language
    Light lets RGR reverse the retinal isomer change used in visual pigments.
    primary_references
    [vav-hao1999] The endogenous chromophore of retinal G protein-coupled receptor opsin from the pigment epithelium. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10037690/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6085
    tissue_or_cell_type
    RPE-derived protein

    Vitamin A expansion: reproduction, light-driven vision and shared mechanisms (2026-09-17) · lines 423–436

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified native RGR photochemistry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vae-rgr-photoisomerization Illuminating native bovine RGR converted its bound all-trans-retinal stereospecifically to the 11-cis configuration. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Light lets RGR reverse the retinal isomer change used in visual pigments. organism: Bos taurus tissue_or_cell_type: RPE-derived protein experimental_model: Purified native RGR photochemistry limitations: Abstract-limited; the finding does not establish relative flux in living human eyes. exposure: 470-nm monochromatic or near-UV irradiation; duration absent from the abstract. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Abstract: irradiation and isomer analysis nutrient: Vitamin A [vav-hao1999] The endogenous chromophore of retinal G protein-coupled receptor opsin from the pigment epithelium. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10037690/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6085
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. Tamoxifen-induced Rgr reactivation through Rpe65-CreERT2 improved cone sensitivity during sustained light in RgrStop/Stop/Gnat1-null mice compared with untreated rescue-line controls.

    RPE-restored RGR → Cone flash sensitivity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Figure 7A; Table S1
    experimental_model
    Cell-directed excision of a floxed transcriptional stop cassette
    exposure
    530-nm background at 300 cd/m2 for 60 minutes; cone b-wave sensitivity.
    limitations
    Each cellular rescue was partial; native relative contributions need not match other species.
    nutrient
    Vitamin A · Vitamin A
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Mus musculus
    plain_language
    Restoring RGR in retinal pigment epithelium helped cones respond during prolonged light.
    primary_references
    [vav-tworak2023] Rapid RGR-dependent visual pigment recycling is mediated by the RPE and specialized Müller glia. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585292/ DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112982
    tissue_or_cell_type
    retinal pigment epithelium; intact-eye ERG
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin A expansion: reproduction, light-driven vision and shared mechanisms (2026-09-17) · lines 513–526

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-directed excision of a floxed transcriptional stop cassette · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vae-rgr-rpe-rescue-cones Tamoxifen-induced Rgr reactivation through Rpe65-CreERT2 improved cone sensitivity during sustained light in RgrStop/Stop/Gnat1-null mice compared with untreated rescue-line controls. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Vitamin A expansion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Restoring RGR in retinal pigment epithelium helped cones respond during prolonged light. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: retinal pigment epithelium; intact-eye ERG experimental_model: Cell-directed excision of a floxed transcriptional stop cassette limitations: Each cellular rescue was partial; native relative contributions need not match other species. exposure: 530-nm background at 300 cd/m2 for 60 minutes; cone b-wave sensitivity. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Figure 7A; Table S1 nutrient: Vitamin A [vav-tworak2023] Rapid RGR-dependent visual pigment recycling is mediated by the RPE and specialized Müller glia. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585292/ DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112982
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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