Component

Urinary iodine concentration

Urinary iodine concentration. Study-specific scope and measurement methods are recorded with each claim.

7 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. The study estimated that 10 spot or 24-hour collections were needed to estimate individual iodine status with 20% precision in these women.

    Urinary iodine concentration → Twenty-four-hour urinary iodine excretion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Primary indexed abstract.
    experimental_model
    Prospective 15-month repeated-collection study in 22 healthy Swiss women aged 52–77
    exposure
    341 24-hour urine collections and 177 corresponding fasting second-void morning spot samples; within-person variability used for precision estimates.
    limitations
    The sample-number estimate is specific to this population, sampling method and 20% precision target. It is not a universal instruction to collect ten specimens or a validated single-person diagnostic cutoff.
    nutrient_topic
    Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Iodine
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The precision calculation required repeated samples, not a single diagnostic urine value.
    primary_references
    [iod-clin-konig2011] Ten repeat collections for urinary iodine from spot samples or 24-hour samples are needed to reliably estimate individual iodine status in women. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21918061/ DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.144071
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Spot and24-hour urine
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Iodine: thyroid hormone production, deficiency, excess and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1440–1452

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Prospective 15-month repeated-collection study in 22 healthy Swiss women aged 52–77 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### iod-clin-urine-precision The study estimated that 10 spot or 24-hour collections were needed to estimate individual iodine status with 20% precision in these women. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The precision calculation required repeated samples, not a single diagnostic urine value. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Spot and24-hour urine experimental_model: Prospective 15-month repeated-collection study in 22 healthy Swiss women aged 52–77 limitations: The sample-number estimate is specific to this population, sampling method and 20% precision target. It is not a universal instruction to collect ten specimens or a validated single-person diagnostic cutoff. exposure: 341 24-hour urine collections and 177 corresponding fasting second-void morning spot samples; within-person variability used for precision estimates. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Primary indexed abstract. [iod-clin-konig2011] Ten repeat collections for urinary iodine from spot samples or 24-hour samples are needed to reliably estimate individual iodine status in women. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21918061/ DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.144071
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Mean within-person variability was 32% for measured 24-hour iodine excretion, 33% for estimated 24-hour excretion and 38% for spot urinary iodine concentration.

    Urinary iodine concentration → Twenty-four-hour urinary iodine excretion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Primary indexed abstract.
    experimental_model
    Prospective 15-month repeated-collection study in 22 healthy Swiss women aged 52–77
    exposure
    341 24-hour urine collections and 177 corresponding fasting second-void morning spot samples; within-person variability used for precision estimates.
    limitations
    The sample-number estimate is specific to this population, sampling method and 20% precision target. It is not a universal instruction to collect ten specimens or a validated single-person diagnostic cutoff.
    nutrient_topic
    Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Iodine
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    One urine result can vary substantially within the same person.
    primary_references
    [iod-clin-konig2011] Ten repeat collections for urinary iodine from spot samples or 24-hour samples are needed to reliably estimate individual iodine status in women. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21918061/ DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.144071
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Spot and24-hour urine
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Iodine: thyroid hormone production, deficiency, excess and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1426–1438

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Prospective 15-month repeated-collection study in 22 healthy Swiss women aged 52–77 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### iod-clin-urine-variability Mean within-person variability was 32% for measured 24-hour iodine excretion, 33% for estimated 24-hour excretion and 38% for spot urinary iodine concentration. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One urine result can vary substantially within the same person. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Spot and24-hour urine experimental_model: Prospective 15-month repeated-collection study in 22 healthy Swiss women aged 52–77 limitations: The sample-number estimate is specific to this population, sampling method and 20% precision target. It is not a universal instruction to collect ten specimens or a validated single-person diagnostic cutoff. exposure: 341 24-hour urine collections and 177 corresponding fasting second-void morning spot samples; within-person variability used for precision estimates. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Primary indexed abstract. [iod-clin-konig2011] Ten repeat collections for urinary iodine from spot samples or 24-hour samples are needed to reliably estimate individual iodine status in women. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21918061/ DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.144071
    Complete structured claim and evidence

What acts on it

  1. Infant urinary iodine was higher in the maternal-supplement arm (P=0.042); group medians exceeded 100 micrograms/L at 3 and 6 months in that arm, versus only 6 months in the direct-infant arm.

    Iodized oil preparation → Urinary iodine concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Primary PDF Methods, trial profile, Results and Table2, pp.197–209.
    experimental_model
    Double-blind randomized trial in Morocco;241 mother–infant pairs enrolled, 239 randomized after two age exclusions
    exposure
    Term infants ≤ 8 weeks; indirect arm 121 pairs: mother 400 mg iodine as oral iodized poppyseed oil, infant placebo; direct arm 118 pairs: infant about 100 mg iodine from half a 200 mg oil capsule, mother placebo; follow-up 3, 6, 9 months.
    limitations
    Both arms received active iodine somewhere in the pair; there was no wholly untreated arm. Breastfeeding and baseline deficiency contextualize the result; measured iodine status is not a child cognitive outcome. Actual infant study dose was about 100 mg, not the 200 mg guideline discussed elsewhere in the paper. The 100-microgram/L statement concerns group medians as interpreted by the paper, not proof of adequacy in every infant.
    nutrient_topic
    Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Iodine
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The maternal route improved the infants’ measured iodine status for longer.
    primary_references
    [iod-clin-bouhouch2014] Direct iodine supplementation of infants versus supplementation of their breastfeeding mothers: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24622750/ DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70155-4
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Breast milk, infant urine and thyroid function
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Iodine: thyroid hormone production, deficiency, excess and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1552–1564

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized trial in Morocco;241 mother–infant pairs enrolled, 239 randomized after two age exclusions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### iod-clin-lactation-infant-urine Infant urinary iodine was higher in the maternal-supplement arm (P=0.042); group medians exceeded 100 micrograms/L at 3 and 6 months in that arm, versus only 6 months in the direct-infant arm. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The maternal route improved the infants’ measured iodine status for longer. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Breast milk, infant urine and thyroid function experimental_model: Double-blind randomized trial in Morocco;241 mother–infant pairs enrolled, 239 randomized after two age exclusions limitations: Both arms received active iodine somewhere in the pair; there was no wholly untreated arm. Breastfeeding and baseline deficiency contextualize the result; measured iodine status is not a child cognitive outcome. Actual infant study dose was about 100 mg, not the 200 mg guideline discussed elsewhere in the paper. The 100-microgram/L statement concerns group medians as interpreted by the paper, not proof of adequacy in every infant. exposure: Term infants ≤ 8 weeks; indirect arm 121 pairs: mother 400 mg iodine as oral iodized poppyseed oil, infant placebo; direct arm 118 pairs: infant about 100 mg iodine from half a 200 mg oil capsule, mother placebo; follow-up 3, 6, 9 months. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Primary PDF Methods, trial profile, Results and Table2, pp.197–209. [iod-clin-bouhouch2014] Direct iodine supplementation of infants versus supplementation of their breastfeeding mothers: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24622750/ DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70155-4
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. At 24 weeks, mean total T4 in iodine-treated children was approximately 40% higher than baseline and hypothyroxinemia prevalence was below 1%; corresponding placebo-group status did not improve significantly.

    Iodized oil preparation → Serum total thyroxine concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Primary full PDF Methods, Results, Tables 1–2 and Discussion, pp.108–114.
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled 24-week trial in 310 moderately iodine-deficient Albanian children aged 10–12
    exposure
    One supervised oral dose of iodized poppyseed oil containing 400 mg iodine versus sunflower-oil placebo; baseline median urinary iodine 43 micrograms/L, 87% goitrous; iodine 159/placebo 151 randomized.
    limitations
    Baseline groups differed on four psychological tests; analyses adjusted for baseline score, school and sex. Follow-up was 24 weeks, with no proof of lasting IQ or school-performance improvement. Symbol-search test-retest reliability was modest. Dose is a historical depot intervention, not daily intake. The 40% figure is a within-treatment change described in the abstract, not a verified adjusted between-group estimate.
    nutrient_topic
    Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Iodine
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Iodine repletion restored thyroid hormone status in these moderately deficient children.
    primary_references
    [iod-clin-albania2006] Iodine supplementation improves cognition in iodine-deficient schoolchildren in Albania: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400058/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.1.108
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Thyroid hormones and cognitive/motor testing
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Iodine: thyroid hormone production, deficiency, excess and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1300–1312

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled 24-week trial in 310 moderately iodine-deficient Albanian children aged 10–12 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### iod-clin-albania-thyroxine At 24 weeks, mean total T4 in iodine-treated children was approximately 40% higher than baseline and hypothyroxinemia prevalence was below 1%; corresponding placebo-group status did not improve significantly. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Iodine repletion restored thyroid hormone status in these moderately deficient children. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Thyroid hormones and cognitive/motor testing experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled 24-week trial in 310 moderately iodine-deficient Albanian children aged 10–12 limitations: Baseline groups differed on four psychological tests; analyses adjusted for baseline score, school and sex. Follow-up was 24 weeks, with no proof of lasting IQ or school-performance improvement. Symbol-search test-retest reliability was modest. Dose is a historical depot intervention, not daily intake. The 40% figure is a within-treatment change described in the abstract, not a verified adjusted between-group estimate. exposure: One supervised oral dose of iodized poppyseed oil containing 400 mg iodine versus sunflower-oil placebo; baseline median urinary iodine 43 micrograms/L, 87% goitrous; iodine 159/placebo 151 randomized. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Primary full PDF Methods, Results, Tables 1–2 and Discussion, pp.108–114. [iod-clin-albania2006] Iodine supplementation improves cognition in iodine-deficient schoolchildren in Albania: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400058/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.1.108
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. All iodide-supplemented groups had significant increases in TSH and median urinary iodine relative to placebo after four weeks (P<0.05).

    Iodine → Serum TSH concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Primary indexed abstract.
    experimental_model
    Four-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose trial in 256 euthyroid Chinese adults
    exposure
    Twelve groups received 0–2000 micrograms/day supplemental iodine. Mean reported dietary and salt iodine contributions were 105 ± 25 and 258 ± 101 micrograms/day.
    limitations
    Short study with small dose groups. Total background iodine differs among participants; the approximately 800 micrograms/day total at the 400-microgram supplement is the authors’ estimate, not a universal safe/unsafe threshold. Exact chemical formulation not verified from abstract. Baseline participants were euthyroid; increased TSH alone does not identify the molecular inhibition step.
    nutrient_topic
    Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Iodine
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    More iodine raised TSH in this short dose-ranging trial.
    primary_references
    [iod-clin-sang2012] Exploration of the safe upper level of iodine intake in euthyroid Chinese adults: a randomized double-blind trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22205314/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.028001
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum thyroid indices, ultrasound and urinary iodine

    Iodine: thyroid hormone production, deficiency, excess and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1454–1466

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose trial in 256 euthyroid Chinese adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### iod-clin-excess-tsh All iodide-supplemented groups had significant increases in TSH and median urinary iodine relative to placebo after four weeks (P<0.05). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More iodine raised TSH in this short dose-ranging trial. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Serum thyroid indices, ultrasound and urinary iodine experimental_model: Four-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose trial in 256 euthyroid Chinese adults limitations: Short study with small dose groups. Total background iodine differs among participants; the approximately 800 micrograms/day total at the 400-microgram supplement is the authors’ estimate, not a universal safe/unsafe threshold. Exact chemical formulation not verified from abstract. Baseline participants were euthyroid; increased TSH alone does not identify the molecular inhibition step. exposure: Twelve groups received 0–2000 micrograms/day supplemental iodine. Mean reported dietary and salt iodine contributions were 105 ± 25 and 258 ± 101 micrograms/day. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Primary indexed abstract. [iod-clin-sang2012] Exploration of the safe upper level of iodine intake in euthyroid Chinese adults: a randomized double-blind trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22205314/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.028001
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Five-year autoimmune thyroiditis incidence was 0.2%, 1.0% and 1.3% across the three increasing regional iodine-exposure categories.

    Iodine → Autoimmune thyroiditis incidence source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Primary indexed abstract.
    experimental_model
    Prospective five-year observational follow-up in three Chinese regions;3761 enrolled and 3018 followed
    exposure
    Regional baseline median urinary iodine 84, 243 and 651 micrograms/L; followed 1999–2004.
    limitations
    Regional exposure is not randomized individual dosing; confounding and baseline susceptibility may contribute. Median urinary iodine defines cohort exposure, not an individual disease threshold. Association does not establish the immune mechanism or show that every person with antibodies responds identically to iodine.
    nutrient_topic
    Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Iodine
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The same cohort also found more autoimmune thyroiditis in the higher-exposure regions.
    primary_references
    [iod-clin-teng2006] Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807415/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa054022
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum thyroid function/antibodies and thyroid ultrasound

    Iodine: thyroid hormone production, deficiency, excess and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1496–1508

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Prospective five-year observational follow-up in three Chinese regions;3761 enrolled and 3018 followed · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### iod-clin-regional-autoimmunity Five-year autoimmune thyroiditis incidence was 0.2%, 1.0% and 1.3% across the three increasing regional iodine-exposure categories. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The same cohort also found more autoimmune thyroiditis in the higher-exposure regions. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Serum thyroid function/antibodies and thyroid ultrasound experimental_model: Prospective five-year observational follow-up in three Chinese regions;3761 enrolled and 3018 followed limitations: Regional exposure is not randomized individual dosing; confounding and baseline susceptibility may contribute. Median urinary iodine defines cohort exposure, not an individual disease threshold. Association does not establish the immune mechanism or show that every person with antibodies responds identically to iodine. exposure: Regional baseline median urinary iodine 84, 243 and 651 micrograms/L; followed 1999–2004. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Primary indexed abstract. [iod-clin-teng2006] Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807415/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa054022
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Five-year subclinical hypothyroidism incidence was 0.2%, 2.6% and 2.9% in the regions with mildly deficient, more-than-adequate and excessive iodine exposure, respectively.

    Iodine → Subclinical hypothyroidism incidence source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    false
    evidence_location
    Primary indexed abstract.
    experimental_model
    Prospective five-year observational follow-up in three Chinese regions;3761 enrolled and 3018 followed
    exposure
    Regional baseline median urinary iodine 84, 243 and 651 micrograms/L; followed 1999–2004.
    limitations
    Regional exposure is not randomized individual dosing; confounding and baseline susceptibility may contribute. Median urinary iodine defines cohort exposure, not an individual disease threshold. The corresponding overt hypothyroidism incidences were 0.2%, 0.5% and 0.3%, so the study does not show a monotonic rise for every thyroid outcome.
    nutrient_topic
    Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Iodine
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Higher regional iodine exposure was associated with more subclinical hypothyroidism.
    primary_references
    [iod-clin-teng2006] Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807415/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa054022
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum thyroid function/antibodies and thyroid ultrasound

    Iodine: thyroid hormone production, deficiency, excess and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1482–1494

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Prospective five-year observational follow-up in three Chinese regions;3761 enrolled and 3018 followed · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### iod-clin-regional-subclinical Five-year subclinical hypothyroidism incidence was 0.2%, 2.6% and 2.9% in the regions with mildly deficient, more-than-adequate and excessive iodine exposure, respectively. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Higher regional iodine exposure was associated with more subclinical hypothyroidism. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Serum thyroid function/antibodies and thyroid ultrasound experimental_model: Prospective five-year observational follow-up in three Chinese regions;3761 enrolled and 3018 followed limitations: Regional exposure is not randomized individual dosing; confounding and baseline susceptibility may contribute. Median urinary iodine defines cohort exposure, not an individual disease threshold. The corresponding overt hypothyroidism incidences were 0.2%, 0.5% and 0.3%, so the study does not show a monotonic rise for every thyroid outcome. exposure: Regional baseline median urinary iodine 84, 243 and 651 micrograms/L; followed 1999–2004. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Primary indexed abstract. [iod-clin-teng2006] Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807415/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa054022
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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