Sodium-potassium ATPase complexes

cross_nutrient

Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration.

experimental_model

Human red cells and resealed ghosts; ATP/Mg loading, ouabain, sodium-24, potassium-42 and gamma-phosphorus-32 ATP.

limitations

This experiment found unequal fluxes but did not itself measure an exact 3:2 ratio.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The pump moves the two nutrient ions in opposite directions.

primary_references

[garrahan-1967-nka] The stoicheiometry of the sodium pump (1967). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297

tissue_or_cell_type

Erythrocytes

transport_direction

Sodium outward; potassium inward.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 832–843

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human red cells and resealed ghosts; ATP/Mg loading, ouabain, sodium-24, potassium-42 and gamma-phosphorus-32 ATP. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-nka-isotope-opposed-flux Sodium-24 and potassium-42 experiments demonstrated ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux and potassium influx in human red cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pump moves the two nutrient ions in opposite directions. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Erythrocytes experimental_model: Human red cells and resealed ghosts; ATP/Mg loading, ouabain, sodium-24, potassium-42 and gamma-phosphorus-32 ATP. limitations: This experiment found unequal fluxes but did not itself measure an exact 3:2 ratio. cross_nutrient: Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration. transport_direction: Sodium outward; potassium inward. [garrahan-1967-nka] The stoicheiometry of the sodium pump (1967). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Potassium-to-sodium-to-calcium coupling is experimentally supported; dietary effect magnitude is untested.

experimental_model

Rat ventricular ion assays plus modeling.

limitations

NCX microdomain interpretation; source ouabain units differ between methods and figure legends.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Rat

plain_language

Potassium-dependent sodium pumping helps the exchanger remove calcium.

primary_references

[aronsen-2015-cardiac] Hypokalaemia induces Ca2+ overload and Ca2+ waves in ventricular myocytes by reducing Na+,K+-ATPase alpha2 activity (2015). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4376427/ DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279893

tissue_or_cell_type

Ventricular myocytes

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 622–632

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat ventricular ion assays plus modeling. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-low-cardiac-ncx-calcium Pump inhibition during low-K exposure increased sodium sensed by NCX and favored cellular calcium loading. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Potassium-dependent sodium pumping helps the exchanger remove calcium. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Ventricular myocytes experimental_model: Rat ventricular ion assays plus modeling. limitations: NCX microdomain interpretation; source ouabain units differ between methods and figure legends. cross_nutrient: Potassium-to-sodium-to-calcium coupling is experimentally supported; dietary effect magnitude is untested. [aronsen-2015-cardiac] Hypokalaemia induces Ca2+ overload and Ca2+ waves in ventricular myocytes by reducing Na+,K+-ATPase alpha2 activity (2015). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4376427/ DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279893

cross_nutrient

Sodium export couples to potassium-supported pump cycling and magnesium-dependent energy use.

experimental_model

Radiotracer sodium and ATP-hydrolysis assay.

limitations

This measurement does not itself establish an exact two-potassium ratio.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Human

plain_language

ATP consumption pays for sodium extrusion while potassium is available externally.

primary_references

[garrahan-1967-pump] The stoicheiometry of the sodium pump (1967). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1365482/ DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297

tissue_or_cell_type

Erythrocyte membrane

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 587–597

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiotracer sodium and ATP-hydrolysis assay. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-pump-sodium-atp-coupling Ouabain-sensitive extrusion was approximately three sodium ions per ATP hydrolyzed in resealed erythrocyte ghosts. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: ATP consumption pays for sodium extrusion while potassium is available externally. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Erythrocyte membrane experimental_model: Radiotracer sodium and ATP-hydrolysis assay. limitations: This measurement does not itself establish an exact two-potassium ratio. cross_nutrient: Sodium export couples to potassium-supported pump cycling and magnesium-dependent energy use. [garrahan-1967-pump] The stoicheiometry of the sodium pump (1967). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1365482/ DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297

experimental_model

Purified pig renal Na,K-ATPase; 3.5 angstrom crystallography with rubidium.

limitations

Rubidium is a congener; a static purified structure is not a dietary depletion test.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Pig

plain_language

The pump has two sites that can trap a potassium-like ion during transport.

primary_references

[morth-2007-pump] Crystal structure of the sodium-potassium pump (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18075585/ DOI: 10.1038/nature06419

tissue_or_cell_type

Renal membrane enzyme

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 599–608

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified pig renal Na,K-ATPase; 3.5 angstrom crystallography with rubidium. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-pump-two-occluded-sites The pig pump structure resolved two occluded rubidium ions at potassium transport sites in its alpha subunit. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pump has two sites that can trap a potassium-like ion during transport. organism: Pig tissue_or_cell_type: Renal membrane enzyme experimental_model: Purified pig renal Na,K-ATPase; 3.5 angstrom crystallography with rubidium. limitations: Rubidium is a congener; a static purified structure is not a dietary depletion test. [morth-2007-pump] Crystal structure of the sodium-potassium pump (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18075585/ DOI: 10.1038/nature06419

cross_nutrient

Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration.

experimental_model

Pig-kidney Na/K-ATPase rapid-mixing phosphorylation; Na-containing, K-free medium; varied ATP and MgCl2.

limitations

Kinetic model, not proof of Mg-free catalysis; binding and phosphate transfer are distinct.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Sus scrofa

plain_language

A requirement for magnesium does not prove that only a preformed MgATP molecule can bind.

primary_references

[campos-1992-nka] Effects of magnesium and ATP on pre-steady-state phosphorylation kinetics of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1314673/ DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90161-e

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney enzyme

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 783–793

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Pig-kidney Na/K-ATPase rapid-mixing phosphorylation; Na-containing, K-free medium; varied ATP and MgCl2. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-nka-atp-binding-order-boundary The 1992 best-fit model allowed free ATP or MgATP to bind before productive Mg-dependent phosphorylation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A requirement for magnesium does not prove that only a preformed MgATP molecule can bind. organism: Sus scrofa tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney enzyme experimental_model: Pig-kidney Na/K-ATPase rapid-mixing phosphorylation; Na-containing, K-free medium; varied ATP and MgCl2. limitations: Kinetic model, not proof of Mg-free catalysis; binding and phosphate transfer are distinct. cross_nutrient: Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration. [campos-1992-nka] Effects of magnesium and ATP on pre-steady-state phosphorylation kinetics of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1314673/ DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90161-e

cross_nutrient

Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration.

experimental_model

Phosphorylated pig-kidney Na/K-ATPase-ouabain complex crystallography.

limitations

Drug-stabilized inhibited state; it does not demonstrate physiological Mg transport.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Sus scrofa

plain_language

Magnesium can occupy a membrane ion site distinct from the ATP-associated catalytic site.

primary_references

[laursen-2013-nka] Crystal structure of the high-affinity Na+K+-ATPase-ouabain complex with Mg2+ bound in the cation binding site (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23776223/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222308110

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney enzyme crystals

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 845–855

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Phosphorylated pig-kidney Na/K-ATPase-ouabain complex crystallography. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-nka-distinct-transport-site Mg occupied cation transport site II in the ouabain-bound E2P pig-kidney pump structure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Magnesium can occupy a membrane ion site distinct from the ATP-associated catalytic site. organism: Sus scrofa tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney enzyme crystals experimental_model: Phosphorylated pig-kidney Na/K-ATPase-ouabain complex crystallography. limitations: Drug-stabilized inhibited state; it does not demonstrate physiological Mg transport. cross_nutrient: Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration. [laursen-2013-nka] Crystal structure of the high-affinity Na+K+-ATPase-ouabain complex with Mg2+ bound in the cation binding site (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23776223/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222308110

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Protein interaction, glial metabolism and SFO neuronal recordings

exposure

Elevated sodium; Nax knockout; lactate exposure

limitations

Brain salt-sensing pathway in experimental preparations; not a human sodium-intake threshold.

nutrient_topic

Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sodium

organism

Mouse SFO and mammalian cell preparations

plain_language

A sodium-sensing channel can connect sodium detection to the cell’s energy use.

primary_references

[sodium-p17408578] Glial Nax channels control lactate signaling to neurons for brain [Na+] sensing. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17408578/ DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.014

tissue_or_cell_type

Glial cells and GABAergic neurons of the subfornical organ

Sodium: gradients, nutrient transport, fluid regulation and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 447–458

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Protein interaction, glial metabolism and SFO neuronal recordings · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sodium-nax-pump Nax directly interacted with sodium/potassium-pump alpha subunits in the study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sodium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A sodium-sensing channel can connect sodium detection to the cell’s energy use. organism: Mouse SFO and mammalian cell preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Glial cells and GABAergic neurons of the subfornical organ experimental_model: Protein interaction, glial metabolism and SFO neuronal recordings limitations: Brain salt-sensing pathway in experimental preparations; not a human sodium-intake threshold. exposure: Elevated sodium; Nax knockout; lactate exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sodium-research/17408578.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5df7ccac391e94f2688ccacf287fda852b7a52e5279d1488ef48f0f52a3c6265", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 953, "text_sha256": "5df7ccac391e94f2688ccacf287fda852b7a52e5279d1488ef48f0f52a3c6265"} [sodium-p17408578] Glial Nax channels control lactate signaling to neurons for brain [Na+] sensing. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17408578/ DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.014

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Low extracellular potassium compromises sodium extrusion.

experimental_model

Rat ventricular patch clamp/Na fluorescence.

limitations

Acute bath manipulation; not dietary depletion.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Rat

plain_language

With less extracellular potassium, sodium extrusion slowed.

primary_references

[aronsen-2015-cardiac] Hypokalaemia induces Ca2+ overload and Ca2+ waves in ventricular myocytes by reducing Na+,K+-ATPase alpha2 activity (2015). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4376427/ DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279893

tissue_or_cell_type

Ventricular myocytes

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 610–620

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat ventricular patch clamp/Na fluorescence. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-low-cardiac-pump-current Lowering bath K from 5.0 to 2.7 mM reduced ventricular pump current and increased intracellular sodium. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: With less extracellular potassium, sodium extrusion slowed. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Ventricular myocytes experimental_model: Rat ventricular patch clamp/Na fluorescence. limitations: Acute bath manipulation; not dietary depletion. cross_nutrient: Low extracellular potassium compromises sodium extrusion. [aronsen-2015-cardiac] Hypokalaemia induces Ca2+ overload and Ca2+ waves in ventricular myocytes by reducing Na+,K+-ATPase alpha2 activity (2015). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4376427/ DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279893

cross_nutrient

Potassium transport depends jointly on sodium and magnesium-supported ATP chemistry.

experimental_model

Resealed human erythrocyte ghosts; sided ion substitutions.

limitations

Sided activation adds to existing catalog flux/phosphorylation records; MgATP-only binding is not asserted.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Human

plain_language

Potassium outside and sodium inside activate complementary sides of the pump.

primary_references

[garrahan-1967-pump] The stoicheiometry of the sodium pump (1967). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1365482/ DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297

tissue_or_cell_type

Erythrocyte membrane

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 575–585

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Resealed human erythrocyte ghosts; sided ion substitutions. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-pump-extracellular-activation External potassium supported ouabain-sensitive ATP hydrolysis when erythrocyte ghosts contained sodium, ATP and magnesium. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Potassium outside and sodium inside activate complementary sides of the pump. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Erythrocyte membrane experimental_model: Resealed human erythrocyte ghosts; sided ion substitutions. limitations: Sided activation adds to existing catalog flux/phosphorylation records; MgATP-only binding is not asserted. cross_nutrient: Potassium transport depends jointly on sodium and magnesium-supported ATP chemistry. [garrahan-1967-pump] The stoicheiometry of the sodium pump (1967). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1365482/ DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Ussing-chamber short-circuit current, patch clamp and kinase perturbation

exposure

Forskolin-stimulated secretion and berberine; IC50 about 80 micromolar

limitations

Intestinal cell mechanism, not proof of systemic potassium depletion. The observed channel complex differs from cardiac KCNQ1/KCNE1.

nutrient_topic

Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine

organism

Human T84 colonic cells

plain_language

The pump and the potassium channel were tested separately.

primary_references

[berberine-p21747769] Berberine Reduces cAMP-Induced Chloride Secretion in T84 Human Colonic Carcinoma Cells through Inhibition of Basolateral KCNQ1 Channels. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21747769/ DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00033

tissue_or_cell_type

Basolateral potassium recycling and chloride secretion

Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 597–608

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ussing-chamber short-circuit current, patch clamp and kinase perturbation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### berberine-sodium-pump-null Berberine did not affect basolateral sodium-potassium ATPase activity in this model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pump and the potassium channel were tested separately. organism: Human T84 colonic cells tissue_or_cell_type: Basolateral potassium recycling and chloride secretion experimental_model: Ussing-chamber short-circuit current, patch clamp and kinase perturbation limitations: Intestinal cell mechanism, not proof of systemic potassium depletion. The observed channel complex differs from cardiac KCNQ1/KCNE1. exposure: Forskolin-stimulated secretion and berberine; IC50 about 80 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/21747769.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b8864a2844ea828aeabcfc05219050ac1cb6efe7f24c663dc3302887f7f59ad4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1734, "text_sha256": "b8864a2844ea828aeabcfc05219050ac1cb6efe7f24c663dc3302887f7f59ad4"} [berberine-p21747769] Berberine Reduces cAMP-Induced Chloride Secretion in T84 Human Colonic Carcinoma Cells through Inhibition of Basolateral KCNQ1 Channels. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21747769/ DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00033

cross_nutrient

Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration.

experimental_model

Shark rectal-gland pump membrane fragments; stopped-flow RH421 fluorescence under Na-rich conditions.

limitations

Conclusion concerns E1-ATP; other pump conformations or Mg sites can behave differently.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Shark

plain_language

The ATP-associated magnesium supports phosphorylation; free ATP can compete for that magnesium.

primary_references

[pilotelle-2009-nka] Mechanism of Mg2+ binding in the Na+,K+-ATPase (2009). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2711396/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.01.042

tissue_or_cell_type

Rectal-gland enzyme membrane fragments

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 795–805

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Shark rectal-gland pump membrane fragments; stopped-flow RH421 fluorescence under Na-rich conditions. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-nka-atp-dominates-mg-binding Shark-pump kinetic fits assigned E1-ATP Mg affinity mainly to ATP coordination, after accounting for free ATP competition. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The ATP-associated magnesium supports phosphorylation; free ATP can compete for that magnesium. organism: Shark tissue_or_cell_type: Rectal-gland enzyme membrane fragments experimental_model: Shark rectal-gland pump membrane fragments; stopped-flow RH421 fluorescence under Na-rich conditions. limitations: Conclusion concerns E1-ATP; other pump conformations or Mg sites can behave differently. cross_nutrient: Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration. [pilotelle-2009-nka] Mechanism of Mg2+ binding in the Na+,K+-ATPase (2009). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2711396/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.01.042

cross_nutrient

Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration.

experimental_model

Partially purified pig-kidney pump; sodium-22 occlusion, EGCg quench-flow, ATP/Mg manipulations.

limitations

Equilibrium and Na-ATPase conditions; full Na/K exchange and systemic Mg deficiency were not tested.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Sus scrofa

plain_language

Magnesium can oppose sodium binding as well as support ATP chemistry.

primary_references

[faraj-2023-nka] Measurements of Na+-occluded intermediates during the catalytic cycle of the Na+/K+-ATPase provide novel insights into the mechanism of Na+ transport (2023). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9860123/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102811

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney enzyme membrane preparation

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 857–867

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Partially purified pig-kidney pump; sodium-22 occlusion, EGCg quench-flow, ATP/Mg manipulations. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-nka-free-mg-sodium-occlusion Free Mg reduced apparent sodium affinity in pig-kidney pump sodium-22 occlusion experiments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Magnesium can oppose sodium binding as well as support ATP chemistry. organism: Sus scrofa tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney enzyme membrane preparation experimental_model: Partially purified pig-kidney pump; sodium-22 occlusion, EGCg quench-flow, ATP/Mg manipulations. limitations: Equilibrium and Na-ATPase conditions; full Na/K exchange and systemic Mg deficiency were not tested. cross_nutrient: Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration. [faraj-2023-nka] Measurements of Na+-occluded intermediates during the catalytic cycle of the Na+/K+-ATPase provide novel insights into the mechanism of Na+ transport (2023). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9860123/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102811

cross_nutrient

Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration.

experimental_model

Human red cells and resealed ghosts; ATP/Mg loading, ouabain, sodium-24, potassium-42 and gamma-phosphorus-32 ATP.

limitations

Measured stoichiometry applies to specified ionic conditions; no Mg titration was performed.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

ATP turnover was directly linked to outward sodium pumping in a magnesium-containing preparation.

primary_references

[garrahan-1967-nka] The stoicheiometry of the sodium pump (1967). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297

tissue_or_cell_type

Resealed erythrocyte ghosts

transport_direction

Sodium: intracellular ghost compartment to external medium.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 819–830

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human red cells and resealed ghosts; ATP/Mg loading, ouabain, sodium-24, potassium-42 and gamma-phosphorus-32 ATP. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-nka-isotope-atp-sodium-coupling In Mg-loaded human red-cell ghosts, ouabain-sensitive hydrolysis of one ATP accompanied loss of about three sodium ions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: ATP turnover was directly linked to outward sodium pumping in a magnesium-containing preparation. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Resealed erythrocyte ghosts experimental_model: Human red cells and resealed ghosts; ATP/Mg loading, ouabain, sodium-24, potassium-42 and gamma-phosphorus-32 ATP. limitations: Measured stoichiometry applies to specified ionic conditions; no Mg titration was performed. cross_nutrient: Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration. transport_direction: Sodium: intracellular ghost compartment to external medium. [garrahan-1967-nka] The stoicheiometry of the sodium pump (1967). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008297

cross_nutrient

Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration.

experimental_model

Pig-kidney Na/K-ATPase rapid-mixing phosphorylation; Na-containing, K-free medium; varied ATP and MgCl2.

limitations

Na-containing, K-free assay; not the full physiological transport cycle.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Sus scrofa

plain_language

Magnesium enables the ATP-driven phosphate-transfer step of the sodium pump.

primary_references

[campos-1992-nka] Effects of magnesium and ATP on pre-steady-state phosphorylation kinetics of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1314673/ DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90161-e

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney enzyme

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 771–781

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Pig-kidney Na/K-ATPase rapid-mixing phosphorylation; Na-containing, K-free medium; varied ATP and MgCl2. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-nka-phosphorylation-requirement Pre-steady-state pig-kidney pump experiments identified Mg as an essential activator of ATP-dependent phosphorylation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Magnesium enables the ATP-driven phosphate-transfer step of the sodium pump. organism: Sus scrofa tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney enzyme experimental_model: Pig-kidney Na/K-ATPase rapid-mixing phosphorylation; Na-containing, K-free medium; varied ATP and MgCl2. limitations: Na-containing, K-free assay; not the full physiological transport cycle. cross_nutrient: Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration. [campos-1992-nka] Effects of magnesium and ATP on pre-steady-state phosphorylation kinetics of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1314673/ DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90161-e

cross_nutrient

Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration.

experimental_model

Pig-kidney enzyme stopped-flow RH421 fluorescence; sequential ATP then KCl mixing.

limitations

Stopped-flow assay; no dietary or magnesium-depletion intervention.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Sus scrofa

plain_language

Potassium promotes the phosphate-removal part of the pump cycle.

primary_references

[kane-1998-nka] Dephosphorylation kinetics of pig kidney Na+,K+-ATPase (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9521778/ DOI: 10.1021/bi972813e

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney enzyme

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 807–817

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Pig-kidney enzyme stopped-flow RH421 fluorescence; sequential ATP then KCl mixing. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-nka-potassium-dephosphorylation Adding KCl after ATP phosphorylation accelerated dephosphorylation of pig-kidney Na/K-ATPase. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Potassium promotes the phosphate-removal part of the pump cycle. organism: Sus scrofa tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney enzyme experimental_model: Pig-kidney enzyme stopped-flow RH421 fluorescence; sequential ATP then KCl mixing. limitations: Stopped-flow assay; no dietary or magnesium-depletion intervention. cross_nutrient: Magnesium-dependent ATP chemistry is coupled to sodium and potassium handling by the pump; serum magnesium is not the enzyme-site concentration. [kane-1998-nka] Dephosphorylation kinetics of pig kidney Na+,K+-ATPase (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9521778/ DOI: 10.1021/bi972813e

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Acute guanidinoacetate exposure with biochemical assays and antioxidant pretreatment

exposure

Intrastriatal guanidinoacetate and in-vitro assays; taurine or combined vitamins E plus C pretreatment

limitations

Acute experimental precursor toxicity is not a human supplement trial or proof that antioxidant treatment corrects GAMT deficiency. Vitamin E and C were combined.

nutrient_topic

Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine

organism

Young rats and rat striatal preparations

plain_language

Taurine protected selected enzyme measurements in this rat experiment.

primary_references

[creatine-p17407807] Evidence that the inhibitory effects of guanidinoacetate on the activities of the respiratory chain, Na+,K+-ATPase and creatine kinase can be differentially prevented by taurine and vitamins E and C administration in rat striatum in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407807/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.02.005

tissue_or_cell_type

Striatum

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 776–787

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Acute guanidinoacetate exposure with biochemical assays and antioxidant pretreatment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### creatine-taurine-gaa-enzyme Taurine pretreatment prevented the reported guanidinoacetate-related inhibition of complex II, complex II–III and sodium/potassium ATPase activity. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Taurine protected selected enzyme measurements in this rat experiment. organism: Young rats and rat striatal preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Striatum experimental_model: Acute guanidinoacetate exposure with biochemical assays and antioxidant pretreatment limitations: Acute experimental precursor toxicity is not a human supplement trial or proof that antioxidant treatment corrects GAMT deficiency. Vitamin E and C were combined. exposure: Intrastriatal guanidinoacetate and in-vitro assays; taurine or combined vitamins E plus C pretreatment evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/17407807.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6174f6169ebf6ca7e61bc61642e38841a9089aecdd278ad8fb2f2221cf847c35", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1929, "text_sha256": "6174f6169ebf6ca7e61bc61642e38841a9089aecdd278ad8fb2f2221cf847c35"} [creatine-p17407807] Evidence that the inhibitory effects of guanidinoacetate on the activities of the respiratory chain, Na+,K+-ATPase and creatine kinase can be differentially prevented by taurine and vitamins E and C administration in rat striatum in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407807/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.02.005

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Acute guanidinoacetate exposure with biochemical assays and antioxidant pretreatment

exposure

Intrastriatal guanidinoacetate and in-vitro assays; taurine or combined vitamins E plus C pretreatment

limitations

Acute experimental precursor toxicity is not a human supplement trial or proof that antioxidant treatment corrects GAMT deficiency. Vitamin E and C were combined.

nutrient_topic

Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine

organism

Young rats and rat striatal preparations

plain_language

The study tested two antioxidant vitamins together; it did not establish either vitamin as an effective treatment on its own.

primary_references

[creatine-p17407807] Evidence that the inhibitory effects of guanidinoacetate on the activities of the respiratory chain, Na+,K+-ATPase and creatine kinase can be differentially prevented by taurine and vitamins E and C administration in rat striatum in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407807/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.02.005

tissue_or_cell_type

Striatum

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 789–800

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Acute guanidinoacetate exposure with biochemical assays and antioxidant pretreatment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### creatine-vitamins-gaa-ck Combined vitamin E plus C pretreatment prevented guanidinoacetate-associated inhibition of creatine kinase and sodium/potassium ATPase. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study tested two antioxidant vitamins together; it did not establish either vitamin as an effective treatment on its own. organism: Young rats and rat striatal preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Striatum experimental_model: Acute guanidinoacetate exposure with biochemical assays and antioxidant pretreatment limitations: Acute experimental precursor toxicity is not a human supplement trial or proof that antioxidant treatment corrects GAMT deficiency. Vitamin E and C were combined. exposure: Intrastriatal guanidinoacetate and in-vitro assays; taurine or combined vitamins E plus C pretreatment evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/17407807.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6174f6169ebf6ca7e61bc61642e38841a9089aecdd278ad8fb2f2221cf847c35", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1929, "text_sha256": "6174f6169ebf6ca7e61bc61642e38841a9089aecdd278ad8fb2f2221cf847c35"} [creatine-p17407807] Evidence that the inhibitory effects of guanidinoacetate on the activities of the respiratory chain, Na+,K+-ATPase and creatine kinase can be differentially prevented by taurine and vitamins E and C administration in rat striatum in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407807/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.02.005

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Potassium status alters machinery that also controls sodium transport.

experimental_model

Rat/mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus; K-free diet, diuretic or K-binding-resin depletion models.

limitations

Diet, diuretic and resin models differ; abstract does not provide each regimen duration.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Rat and mouse

plain_language

Depleted muscle had fewer functional sodium-potassium pumps.

primary_references

[norgaard-1981-muscle] Potassium depletion decreases the number of 3H-ouabain binding sites and the active Na-K transport in skeletal muscle (1981). https://www.nature.com/articles/293739a0 DOI: 10.1038/293739a0

tissue_or_cell_type

Soleus/extensor digitorum longus

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 739–749

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat/mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus; K-free diet, diuretic or K-binding-resin depletion models. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-depletion-muscle-pump-loss Rodent potassium depletion reversibly reduced muscle ouabain-binding sites and pump-mediated potassium uptake capacity. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Depleted muscle had fewer functional sodium-potassium pumps. organism: Rat and mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Soleus/extensor digitorum longus experimental_model: Rat/mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus; K-free diet, diuretic or K-binding-resin depletion models. limitations: Diet, diuretic and resin models differ; abstract does not provide each regimen duration. cross_nutrient: Potassium status alters machinery that also controls sodium transport. [norgaard-1981-muscle] Potassium depletion decreases the number of 3H-ouabain binding sites and the active Na-K transport in skeletal muscle (1981). https://www.nature.com/articles/293739a0 DOI: 10.1038/293739a0

cross_nutrient

Hormonal stimulation coordinates sodium extrusion and potassium entry.

experimental_model

Rat soleus in 85 mM Na/9 mM K.

limitations

Ex vivo rescue is not a clinical intervention recommendation.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Rat

plain_language

Stimulating the shared sodium-potassium pump improved muscle responses.

primary_references

[overgaard-1999-muscle] Relations between excitability and contractility in rat soleus muscle: role of the Na+-K+ pump and Na+/K+ gradients (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373703/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0215r.x

tissue_or_cell_type

Soleus muscle

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 727–737

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat soleus in 85 mM Na/9 mM K. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-insulin-muscle-pump-rescue Insulin stimulation of active Na-K transport restored M-wave area and force in the reduced-gradient soleus preparation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Stimulating the shared sodium-potassium pump improved muscle responses. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Soleus muscle experimental_model: Rat soleus in 85 mM Na/9 mM K. limitations: Ex vivo rescue is not a clinical intervention recommendation. cross_nutrient: Hormonal stimulation coordinates sodium extrusion and potassium entry. [overgaard-1999-muscle] Relations between excitability and contractility in rat soleus muscle: role of the Na+-K+ pump and Na+/K+ gradients (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373703/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0215r.x

cross_nutrient

Potassium/sodium pump and potassium channels -> vessel response.

experimental_model

Isolated rat artery electrophysiology.

limitations

Channel family inference; not every artery or potassium concentration responds this way.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

A modest local potassium rise can relax a vessel under particular conditions.

primary_references

[k-edwards1998] K+ is an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in rat arteries (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9834033/ DOI: 10.1038/24388

tissue_or_cell_type

Arterial smooth muscle

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1592–1602

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated rat artery electrophysiology. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-vascular-pump-kir-relaxation Small extracellular potassium elevations relaxed the studied rat arteries through ouabain/barium-sensitive pump and inward-rectifier pathways. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A modest local potassium rise can relax a vessel under particular conditions. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Arterial smooth muscle experimental_model: Isolated rat artery electrophysiology. limitations: Channel family inference; not every artery or potassium concentration responds this way. cross_nutrient: Potassium/sodium pump and potassium channels -> vessel response. [k-edwards1998] K+ is an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in rat arteries (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9834033/ DOI: 10.1038/24388