Component

Study-specific phosphatidylcholine supplements

Study-specific phosphatidylcholine supplements. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

8 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. The PC supplementation and placebo groups did not differ significantly in global development at the reported infant follow-up assessments.

    Study-specific phosphatidylcholine supplements → Infant global-development score in the 2012 PC supplementation trial source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23134891.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1592, "text_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation
    exposure
    750 mg choline/day delivered as PC, not 750 mg PC mass; weeks 18 through 90 days postpartum; background food choline about 360 mg/day
    limitations
    Dose identity checked in full-text intervention section. Different endpoints, timing and feeding control from the 2018 trial; a null result is not proof of no effect on every possible outcome.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    This measured outcome did not improve significantly in the trial.
    primary_references
    [choline-p23134891] Phosphatidylcholine supplementation in pregnant women consuming moderate-choline diets does not enhance infant cognitive function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134891/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037184
    tissue_or_cell_type
    140 randomized women; 99 infants in follow-up

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1270–1281

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-maternal-global-null The PC supplementation and placebo groups did not differ significantly in global development at the reported infant follow-up assessments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This measured outcome did not improve significantly in the trial. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 140 randomized women; 99 infants in follow-up experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation limitations: Dose identity checked in full-text intervention section. Different endpoints, timing and feeding control from the 2018 trial; a null result is not proof of no effect on every possible outcome. exposure: 750 mg choline/day delivered as PC, not 750 mg PC mass; weeks 18 through 90 days postpartum; background food choline about 360 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23134891.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1592, "text_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e"} [choline-p23134891] Phosphatidylcholine supplementation in pregnant women consuming moderate-choline diets does not enhance infant cognitive function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134891/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037184
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The PC supplementation and placebo groups did not differ significantly in language development at the reported infant follow-up assessments.

    Study-specific phosphatidylcholine supplements → Infant language-development score in the 2012 PC supplementation trial source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23134891.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1592, "text_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation
    exposure
    750 mg choline/day delivered as PC, not 750 mg PC mass; weeks 18 through 90 days postpartum; background food choline about 360 mg/day
    limitations
    Dose identity checked in full-text intervention section. Different endpoints, timing and feeding control from the 2018 trial; a null result is not proof of no effect on every possible outcome.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    This measured outcome did not improve significantly in the trial.
    primary_references
    [choline-p23134891] Phosphatidylcholine supplementation in pregnant women consuming moderate-choline diets does not enhance infant cognitive function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134891/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037184
    tissue_or_cell_type
    140 randomized women; 99 infants in follow-up

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1283–1294

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-maternal-language-null The PC supplementation and placebo groups did not differ significantly in language development at the reported infant follow-up assessments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This measured outcome did not improve significantly in the trial. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 140 randomized women; 99 infants in follow-up experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation limitations: Dose identity checked in full-text intervention section. Different endpoints, timing and feeding control from the 2018 trial; a null result is not proof of no effect on every possible outcome. exposure: 750 mg choline/day delivered as PC, not 750 mg PC mass; weeks 18 through 90 days postpartum; background food choline about 360 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23134891.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1592, "text_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e"} [choline-p23134891] Phosphatidylcholine supplementation in pregnant women consuming moderate-choline diets does not enhance infant cognitive function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134891/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037184
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. The PC supplementation and placebo groups did not differ significantly in long-term episodic memory at the reported infant follow-up assessments.

    Study-specific phosphatidylcholine supplements → Infant long-term episodic memory in the 2012 PC supplementation trial source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23134891.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1592, "text_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation
    exposure
    750 mg choline/day delivered as PC, not 750 mg PC mass; weeks 18 through 90 days postpartum; background food choline about 360 mg/day
    limitations
    Dose identity checked in full-text intervention section. Different endpoints, timing and feeding control from the 2018 trial; a null result is not proof of no effect on every possible outcome.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    This measured outcome did not improve significantly in the trial.
    primary_references
    [choline-p23134891] Phosphatidylcholine supplementation in pregnant women consuming moderate-choline diets does not enhance infant cognitive function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134891/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037184
    tissue_or_cell_type
    140 randomized women; 99 infants in follow-up

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1309–1320

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-maternal-long-memory-null The PC supplementation and placebo groups did not differ significantly in long-term episodic memory at the reported infant follow-up assessments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This measured outcome did not improve significantly in the trial. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 140 randomized women; 99 infants in follow-up experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation limitations: Dose identity checked in full-text intervention section. Different endpoints, timing and feeding control from the 2018 trial; a null result is not proof of no effect on every possible outcome. exposure: 750 mg choline/day delivered as PC, not 750 mg PC mass; weeks 18 through 90 days postpartum; background food choline about 360 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23134891.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1592, "text_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e"} [choline-p23134891] Phosphatidylcholine supplementation in pregnant women consuming moderate-choline diets does not enhance infant cognitive function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134891/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037184
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. The PC supplementation and placebo groups did not differ significantly in short-term visuospatial memory at the reported infant follow-up assessments.

    Study-specific phosphatidylcholine supplements → Infant short-term visuospatial memory in the 2012 PC supplementation trial source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23134891.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1592, "text_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation
    exposure
    750 mg choline/day delivered as PC, not 750 mg PC mass; weeks 18 through 90 days postpartum; background food choline about 360 mg/day
    limitations
    Dose identity checked in full-text intervention section. Different endpoints, timing and feeding control from the 2018 trial; a null result is not proof of no effect on every possible outcome.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    This measured outcome did not improve significantly in the trial.
    primary_references
    [choline-p23134891] Phosphatidylcholine supplementation in pregnant women consuming moderate-choline diets does not enhance infant cognitive function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134891/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037184
    tissue_or_cell_type
    140 randomized women; 99 infants in follow-up

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1296–1307

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-maternal-short-memory-null The PC supplementation and placebo groups did not differ significantly in short-term visuospatial memory at the reported infant follow-up assessments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This measured outcome did not improve significantly in the trial. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 140 randomized women; 99 infants in follow-up experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled maternal PC supplementation limitations: Dose identity checked in full-text intervention section. Different endpoints, timing and feeding control from the 2018 trial; a null result is not proof of no effect on every possible outcome. exposure: 750 mg choline/day delivered as PC, not 750 mg PC mass; weeks 18 through 90 days postpartum; background food choline about 360 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23134891.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1592, "text_sha256": "c639fd65120036e4dcce961161222da3632034d148564db3c98bcc36a788084e"} [choline-p23134891] Phosphatidylcholine supplementation in pregnant women consuming moderate-choline diets does not enhance infant cognitive function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134891/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037184
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Two weeks of phosphatidylcholine supplementation reduced fasting total homocysteine by 18% relative to placebo.

    Study-specific phosphatidylcholine supplements → Human fasting plasma total homocysteine concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/16002808.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad206000c96c52d280ac135c03d531122121a82c436dce40c7d13e55d0976ae1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1797, "text_sha256": "ad206000c96c52d280ac135c03d531122121a82c436dce40c7d13e55d0976ae1"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized crossover feeding trial
    exposure
    About 2.6 g choline/day as PC versus matched placebo oil for two weeks; methionine-load testing
    limitations
    High experimental intake and biomarker endpoint; no cardiovascular-event benefit was tested.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    A choline-containing form changed a methyl-metabolism blood marker.
    primary_references
    [choline-p16002808] Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002808/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.1.111
    tissue_or_cell_type
    26 men with mildly elevated plasma homocysteine

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1075–1086

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover feeding trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pc-hcy-fasting Two weeks of phosphatidylcholine supplementation reduced fasting total homocysteine by 18% relative to placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A choline-containing form changed a methyl-metabolism blood marker. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 26 men with mildly elevated plasma homocysteine experimental_model: Randomized crossover feeding trial limitations: High experimental intake and biomarker endpoint; no cardiovascular-event benefit was tested. exposure: About 2.6 g choline/day as PC versus matched placebo oil for two weeks; methionine-load testing evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/16002808.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad206000c96c52d280ac135c03d531122121a82c436dce40c7d13e55d0976ae1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1797, "text_sha256": "ad206000c96c52d280ac135c03d531122121a82c436dce40c7d13e55d0976ae1"} [choline-p16002808] Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002808/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.1.111
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. After two weeks, the post-methionine-load homocysteine rise was 29% lower than with placebo.

    Study-specific phosphatidylcholine supplements → Human post-methionine-load plasma total homocysteine response source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/16002808.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad206000c96c52d280ac135c03d531122121a82c436dce40c7d13e55d0976ae1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1797, "text_sha256": "ad206000c96c52d280ac135c03d531122121a82c436dce40c7d13e55d0976ae1"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized crossover feeding trial
    exposure
    About 2.6 g choline/day as PC versus matched placebo oil for two weeks; methionine-load testing
    limitations
    High experimental intake and biomarker endpoint; no cardiovascular-event benefit was tested.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The response to a methionine challenge also changed.
    primary_references
    [choline-p16002808] Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002808/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.1.111
    tissue_or_cell_type
    26 men with mildly elevated plasma homocysteine

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1088–1099

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover feeding trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pc-hcy-load After two weeks, the post-methionine-load homocysteine rise was 29% lower than with placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response to a methionine challenge also changed. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 26 men with mildly elevated plasma homocysteine experimental_model: Randomized crossover feeding trial limitations: High experimental intake and biomarker endpoint; no cardiovascular-event benefit was tested. exposure: About 2.6 g choline/day as PC versus matched placebo oil for two weeks; methionine-load testing evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/16002808.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad206000c96c52d280ac135c03d531122121a82c436dce40c7d13e55d0976ae1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1797, "text_sha256": "ad206000c96c52d280ac135c03d531122121a82c436dce40c7d13e55d0976ae1"} [choline-p16002808] Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002808/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.1.111
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. PC supplements did not significantly raise platelet reactivity, p=0.79.

    Study-specific phosphatidylcholine supplements → Human platelet reactivity by aggregometry source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/33872583.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b118e4fcf38f6ecdd6a982baef3e58cf39eb2bc87e67cad9fb9b55866a96c6ac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1740, "text_sha256": "b118e4fcf38f6ecdd6a982baef3e58cf39eb2bc87e67cad9fb9b55866a96c6ac"}
    experimental_model
    Five-arm randomized four-week choline-form intervention
    exposure
    Eggs, choline bitartrate, eggs plus bitartrate, egg whites plus bitartrate, or PC supplements
    limitations
    Fasting TMAO and platelet assays, not cardiovascular events. Acute post-meal tracing and four-week fasting results are not the same endpoint.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The PC arm also had a null platelet result.
    primary_references
    [choline-p33872583] Dietary Choline Supplements, but Not Eggs, Raise Fasting TMAO Levels in Participants with Normal Renal Function: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872583/ DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.03.016
    tissue_or_cell_type
    82 healthy volunteers with normal renal function

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1244–1255

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Five-arm randomized four-week choline-form intervention · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pc-platelets-null PC supplements did not significantly raise platelet reactivity, p=0.79. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The PC arm also had a null platelet result. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 82 healthy volunteers with normal renal function experimental_model: Five-arm randomized four-week choline-form intervention limitations: Fasting TMAO and platelet assays, not cardiovascular events. Acute post-meal tracing and four-week fasting results are not the same endpoint. exposure: Eggs, choline bitartrate, eggs plus bitartrate, egg whites plus bitartrate, or PC supplements evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/33872583.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b118e4fcf38f6ecdd6a982baef3e58cf39eb2bc87e67cad9fb9b55866a96c6ac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1740, "text_sha256": "b118e4fcf38f6ecdd6a982baef3e58cf39eb2bc87e67cad9fb9b55866a96c6ac"} [choline-p33872583] Dietary Choline Supplements, but Not Eggs, Raise Fasting TMAO Levels in Participants with Normal Renal Function: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872583/ DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.03.016
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. PC supplements did not significantly raise fasting TMAO, p=0.27.

    Study-specific phosphatidylcholine supplements → Circulating trimethylamine N-oxide concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/33872583.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b118e4fcf38f6ecdd6a982baef3e58cf39eb2bc87e67cad9fb9b55866a96c6ac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1740, "text_sha256": "b118e4fcf38f6ecdd6a982baef3e58cf39eb2bc87e67cad9fb9b55866a96c6ac"}
    experimental_model
    Five-arm randomized four-week choline-form intervention
    exposure
    Eggs, choline bitartrate, eggs plus bitartrate, egg whites plus bitartrate, or PC supplements
    limitations
    Fasting TMAO and platelet assays, not cardiovascular events. Acute post-meal tracing and four-week fasting results are not the same endpoint.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    A phospholipid form behaved differently from bitartrate in this setting.
    primary_references
    [choline-p33872583] Dietary Choline Supplements, but Not Eggs, Raise Fasting TMAO Levels in Participants with Normal Renal Function: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872583/ DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.03.016
    tissue_or_cell_type
    82 healthy volunteers with normal renal function

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1231–1242

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Five-arm randomized four-week choline-form intervention · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pc-tmao-null PC supplements did not significantly raise fasting TMAO, p=0.27. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A phospholipid form behaved differently from bitartrate in this setting. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 82 healthy volunteers with normal renal function experimental_model: Five-arm randomized four-week choline-form intervention limitations: Fasting TMAO and platelet assays, not cardiovascular events. Acute post-meal tracing and four-week fasting results are not the same endpoint. exposure: Eggs, choline bitartrate, eggs plus bitartrate, egg whites plus bitartrate, or PC supplements evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/33872583.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b118e4fcf38f6ecdd6a982baef3e58cf39eb2bc87e67cad9fb9b55866a96c6ac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1740, "text_sha256": "b118e4fcf38f6ecdd6a982baef3e58cf39eb2bc87e67cad9fb9b55866a96c6ac"} [choline-p33872583] Dietary Choline Supplements, but Not Eggs, Raise Fasting TMAO Levels in Participants with Normal Renal Function: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872583/ DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.03.016
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards