Component

Phloretin

Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.

5 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Phloretin increased AQP9-mediated silicon influx under the tested hypoosmolar conditions while inhibiting water transport.

    Phloretin → Human aquaporin 9 / AQP9 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Human AQP9 in Xenopus oocytes; 0.1 mM phloretin, 2 mM silicic acid.
    limitations
    Not a demonstrated food interaction; the abstract’s phloretin-sensitive wording does not mean silicon flux was inhibited.
    nutrient_topic
    Silica collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Silica and soluble silicon
    plain_language
    A transport inhibitor can affect two substrates differently.
    primary_references
    Aquaporins Mediate Silicon Transport in Humans. · 2015 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26313002/ · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0136149

    Silica: soluble silicon, cellular transport and particle-specific mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 56–62

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human AQP9 in Xenopus oocytes; 0.1 mM phloretin, 2 mM silicic acid. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## silica-aqp9-phloretin A transport inhibitor can affect two substrates differently. Phloretin increased AQP9-mediated silicon influx under the tested hypoosmolar conditions while inhibiting water transport. Model: Human AQP9 in Xenopus oocytes; 0.1 mM phloretin, 2 mM silicic acid. Limitations: Not a demonstrated food interaction; the abstract’s phloretin-sensitive wording does not mean silicon flux was inhibited. Evidence access: Primary full text Aquaporins Mediate Silicon Transport in Humans. · 2015 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26313002/ · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0136149
    Complete structured claim and evidence

What acts on it

  1. Phloretin absorption was lower when perfused as its 2'-O-glucoside phlorizin than when the aglycone was perfused directly.

    Phlorizin → Phloretin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Phlorizin versus phloretin
    duration
    30 minutes
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    In-situ rat intestinal perfusion
    limitations
    This substrate comparison is not a human food-bioavailability estimate and does not transfer phloretin effects to intact phlorizin.
    nutrient_topic
    Phlorizin chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Phlorizin
    organism
    In-situ rat intestinal perfusion
    plain_language
    Phloretin absorption was lower when perfused as its 2'-O-glucoside phlorizin than when the aglycone was perfused directly.
    primary_references
    Comparison of the intestinal absorption of quercetin, phloretin and their glucosides in rats. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11481403/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.8.2109
    route
    Intestinal perfusion
    tissue
    Net aglycone absorption

    Phlorizin: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 55–64

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · In-situ rat intestinal perfusion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## phlorizin-glucoside-lowers-phloretin-absorption Phloretin absorption was lower when perfused as its 2'-O-glucoside phlorizin than when the aglycone was perfused directly. Model/species: In-situ rat intestinal perfusion Tissue/system: Net aglycone absorption Exposure: Phlorizin versus phloretin Route: Intestinal perfusion Duration: 30 minutes Limits: This substrate comparison is not a human food-bioavailability estimate and does not transfer phloretin effects to intact phlorizin. Primary reference: Comparison of the intestinal absorption of quercetin, phloretin and their glucosides in rats. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11481403/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.8.2109 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. In rat jejunum/ileum perfusion, phlorizin hydrolysis to aglycone preceded intestinal conjugation and transport, and only conjugated forms entered mesenteric blood.

    Phlorizin → Phloretin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Phlorizin or phloretin 15 nmol/min for 30 minutes
    duration
    30 minutes
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    In-situ rat jejunum plus ileum perfusion
    limitations
    Rat intestinal handling may not quantify human exposure; conjugate identities and free fractions determine downstream action.
    nutrient_topic
    Phlorizin chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Phlorizin
    organism
    In-situ rat jejunum plus ileum perfusion
    plain_language
    In rat jejunum/ileum perfusion, phlorizin hydrolysis to aglycone preceded intestinal conjugation and transport, and only conjugated forms entered mesenteric blood.
    primary_references
    Comparison of the intestinal absorption of quercetin, phloretin and their glucosides in rats. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11481403/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.8.2109
    route
    Intestinal perfusion
    tissue
    Luminal, mucosal and mesenteric-blood metabolites

    Phlorizin: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 44–53

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · In-situ rat jejunum plus ileum perfusion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## phlorizin-intestinal-hydrolysis In rat jejunum/ileum perfusion, phlorizin hydrolysis to aglycone preceded intestinal conjugation and transport, and only conjugated forms entered mesenteric blood. Model/species: In-situ rat jejunum plus ileum perfusion Tissue/system: Luminal, mucosal and mesenteric-blood metabolites Exposure: Phlorizin or phloretin 15 nmol/min for 30 minutes Route: Intestinal perfusion Duration: 30 minutes Limits: Rat intestinal handling may not quantify human exposure; conjugate identities and free fractions determine downstream action. Primary reference: Comparison of the intestinal absorption of quercetin, phloretin and their glucosides in rats. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11481403/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.8.2109 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Recombinant Eubacterium ramulus phloretin hydrolase cleaved phloretin but did not transform phlorizin.

    Eubacterium ramulus phloretin hydrolase → Phlorizin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Phloretin or phlorizin
    duration
    Acute enzyme assay
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Purified recombinant bacterial enzyme
    limitations
    The null for phlorizin separates glycoside hydrolysis from downstream aglycone cleavage; it does not exclude other microbial enzymes.
    nutrient_topic
    Phlorizin chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Phlorizin
    organism
    Purified recombinant bacterial enzyme
    plain_language
    Recombinant Eubacterium ramulus phloretin hydrolase cleaved phloretin but did not transform phlorizin.
    primary_references
    Cloning and expression of a phloretin hydrolase gene from Eubacterium ramulus and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15466559/ DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.10.6131-6137.2004
    route
    In vitro
    tissue
    Substrate-specific carbon-carbon hydrolysis

    Phlorizin: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 77–86

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified recombinant bacterial enzyme · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## phlorizin-bacterial-hydrolase-specificity Recombinant Eubacterium ramulus phloretin hydrolase cleaved phloretin but did not transform phlorizin. Model/species: Purified recombinant bacterial enzyme Tissue/system: Substrate-specific carbon-carbon hydrolysis Exposure: Phloretin or phlorizin Route: In vitro Duration: Acute enzyme assay Limits: The null for phlorizin separates glycoside hydrolysis from downstream aglycone cleavage; it does not exclude other microbial enzymes. Primary reference: Cloning and expression of a phloretin hydrolase gene from Eubacterium ramulus and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15466559/ DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.10.6131-6137.2004 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Glucosylation improved net quercetin absorption as isoquercitrin but reduced phloretin absorption as phlorizin, demonstrating substrate-specific effects of glycosylation.

    Isoquercitrin / quercetin 3-O-glucoside → Phlorizin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Quercetin/isoquercitrin and phloretin/phlorizin pairs
    duration
    30 minutes
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    In-situ rat intestinal perfusion
    limitations
    This is a mechanistic nutrient-to-nutrient comparison in rats, not evidence that the flavonoids compete in humans.
    nutrient_topic
    Phlorizin chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Phlorizin
    organism
    In-situ rat intestinal perfusion
    plain_language
    Glucosylation improved net quercetin absorption as isoquercitrin but reduced phloretin absorption as phlorizin, demonstrating substrate-specific effects of glycosylation.
    primary_references
    Comparison of the intestinal absorption of quercetin, phloretin and their glucosides in rats. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11481403/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.8.2109
    route
    Intestinal perfusion
    tissue
    Comparative flavonoid absorption

    Phlorizin: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 66–75

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · In-situ rat intestinal perfusion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## phlorizin-quercetin-comparison Glucosylation improved net quercetin absorption as isoquercitrin but reduced phloretin absorption as phlorizin, demonstrating substrate-specific effects of glycosylation. Model/species: In-situ rat intestinal perfusion Tissue/system: Comparative flavonoid absorption Exposure: Quercetin/isoquercitrin and phloretin/phlorizin pairs Route: Intestinal perfusion Duration: 30 minutes Limits: This is a mechanistic nutrient-to-nutrient comparison in rats, not evidence that the flavonoids compete in humans. Primary reference: Comparison of the intestinal absorption of quercetin, phloretin and their glucosides in rats. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11481403/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.8.2109 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards