Component

Folate polyglutamates

Folate derivatives with additional gamma-linked glutamate residues; not one vitamer.

11 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Tracer experiments detected no intact folate-polyglutamate transfer from mitochondria to cytosol in the tested human-FPGS-reconstituted hamster cells.

    Folate polyglutamates → Mitochondrial folate polyglutamate export source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    experimental_model
    Human FPGS isoforms in Chinese hamster AUXB1 cells
    exposure
    Compartment-specific FPGS induction and tracer chase
    limitations
    Detection-limited result, not proof of universal impermeability.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Human enzyme in Cricetulus griseus cells
    plain_language
    Stored mitochondrial folates did not measurably replenish the cytosol.
    primary_references
    [lawrence2014] Mammalian mitochondrial and cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthetase maintain the subcellular compartmentalization of folates (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164808/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593244
    tissue_or_cell_type
    AUXB1 mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 303–313

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human FPGS isoforms in Chinese hamster AUXB1 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-polyglutamate-no-mito-export Tracer experiments detected no intact folate-polyglutamate transfer from mitochondria to cytosol in the tested human-FPGS-reconstituted hamster cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Stored mitochondrial folates did not measurably replenish the cytosol. organism: Human enzyme in Cricetulus griseus cells tissue_or_cell_type: AUXB1 mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions experimental_model: Human FPGS isoforms in Chinese hamster AUXB1 cells limitations: Detection-limited result, not proof of universal impermeability. exposure: Compartment-specific FPGS induction and tracer chase [lawrence2014] Mammalian mitochondrial and cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthetase maintain the subcellular compartmentalization of folates (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164808/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593244
    Complete structured claim and evidence

What acts on it

  1. Partially purified human jejunal brush-border folate hydrolase progressively removed glutamates, producing predominantly monoglutamate after 120 minutes.

    Human glutamate carboxypeptidase II / FOLH1 → Folate polyglutamates source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    experimental_model
    Partially purified human jejunal brush-border enzyme
    exposure
    Radiolabeled synthetic folate polyglutamates in enzyme incubations
    limitations
    Ex-vivo digestion, not a meal bioavailability measurement.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Food folate tails are shortened before absorption.
    primary_references
    [reisenauer1981] Human jejunal brush border folate conjugase. Characteristics and inhibition by salicylazosulfapyridine (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6113848/ DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90271-0
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Jejunal brush border

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 82–92

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Partially purified human jejunal brush-border enzyme · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-brush-border-deconjugation Partially purified human jejunal brush-border folate hydrolase progressively removed glutamates, producing predominantly monoglutamate after 120 minutes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Food folate tails are shortened before absorption. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Jejunal brush border experimental_model: Partially purified human jejunal brush-border enzyme limitations: Ex-vivo digestion, not a meal bioavailability measurement. exposure: Radiolabeled synthetic folate polyglutamates in enzyme incubations [reisenauer1981] Human jejunal brush border folate conjugase. Characteristics and inhibition by salicylazosulfapyridine (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6113848/ DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90271-0
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Human GCPII structures and mutagenesis identified an arene-binding site that recognizes the folate portion of polyglutamate substrates.

    Human glutamate carboxypeptidase II / FOLH1 → Folate polyglutamates source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    experimental_model
    Recombinant human GCPII structure and enzyme assays
    exposure
    Substrate complexes and arene-site mutants
    limitations
    Catalytically inactive structures require the accompanying kinetic experiments for functional interpretation.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The enzyme recognizes more than the glutamate tail.
    primary_references
    [navratil2014] Structural and biochemical characterization of the folyl-poly-γ-l-glutamate hydrolyzing activity of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24863754/ DOI: 10.1111/febs.12857
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Purified recombinant protein

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 106–116

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human GCPII structure and enzyme assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-gcpii-arene-recognition Human GCPII structures and mutagenesis identified an arene-binding site that recognizes the folate portion of polyglutamate substrates. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The enzyme recognizes more than the glutamate tail. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified recombinant protein experimental_model: Recombinant human GCPII structure and enzyme assays limitations: Catalytically inactive structures require the accompanying kinetic experiments for functional interpretation. exposure: Substrate complexes and arene-site mutants [navratil2014] Structural and biochemical characterization of the folyl-poly-γ-l-glutamate hydrolyzing activity of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24863754/ DOI: 10.1111/febs.12857
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. GGH overexpression lowered long-chain folate-polyglutamate content in HCT116 cells.

    GGH overexpression in HCT116 → Folate polyglutamates source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    experimental_model
    GGH-modulated human HCT116 cancer cells
    exposure
    Sense-GGH vector versus control
    limitations
    Long-chain content was estimated using conjugase-treated versus untreated assay differences.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    More tail trimming reduced retained long-chain folates.
    primary_references
    [kim2013] γ-Glutamyl hydrolase modulation and folate influence chemosensitivity of cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24045662/ DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.579
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HCT116 cells
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 327–337

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · GGH-modulated human HCT116 cancer cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-ggh-overexpression-tail-loss GGH overexpression lowered long-chain folate-polyglutamate content in HCT116 cells. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More tail trimming reduced retained long-chain folates. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: HCT116 cells experimental_model: GGH-modulated human HCT116 cancer cells limitations: Long-chain content was estimated using conjugase-treated versus untreated assay differences. exposure: Sense-GGH vector versus control [kim2013] γ-Glutamyl hydrolase modulation and folate influence chemosensitivity of cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24045662/ DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.579
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. GGH-targeted siRNA increased long-chain folate-polyglutamate content in HCT116 cells.

    GGH silencing in HCT116 → Folate polyglutamates source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    experimental_model
    GGH-modulated human HCT116 cancer cells
    exposure
    Targeted siRNA versus control
    limitations
    Does not imply universal drug sensitization across folate conditions.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Less tail trimming increased the retained folate pool.
    primary_references
    [kim2013] γ-Glutamyl hydrolase modulation and folate influence chemosensitivity of cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24045662/ DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.579
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HCT116 cells
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 339–349

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · GGH-modulated human HCT116 cancer cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-ggh-silencing-tail-retention GGH-targeted siRNA increased long-chain folate-polyglutamate content in HCT116 cells. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Less tail trimming increased the retained folate pool. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: HCT116 cells experimental_model: GGH-modulated human HCT116 cancer cells limitations: Does not imply universal drug sensitization across folate conditions. exposure: Targeted siRNA versus control [kim2013] γ-Glutamyl hydrolase modulation and folate influence chemosensitivity of cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24045662/ DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.579
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Human cytosolic FPGS reconstitution supported persistent folate pools in AUXB1 cells; labeled folate loss was not measurable over three cell generations.

    Human cytosolic FPGS isoform → Cellular folate retention source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    experimental_model
    Human FPGS isoforms in Chinese hamster AUXB1 cells
    exposure
    Doxycycline-induced cytosolic FPGS and tracer chase
    limitations
    Non-detection applies to the tested cell model and observation window.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Human enzyme in Cricetulus griseus cells
    plain_language
    Cytosolic tail-building helped keep folate inside cells.
    primary_references
    [lawrence2014] Mammalian mitochondrial and cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthetase maintain the subcellular compartmentalization of folates (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164808/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593244
    tissue_or_cell_type
    AUXB1 cells

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 279–289

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human FPGS isoforms in Chinese hamster AUXB1 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-fpgs-cytosolic-trapping Human cytosolic FPGS reconstitution supported persistent folate pools in AUXB1 cells; labeled folate loss was not measurable over three cell generations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cytosolic tail-building helped keep folate inside cells. organism: Human enzyme in Cricetulus griseus cells tissue_or_cell_type: AUXB1 cells experimental_model: Human FPGS isoforms in Chinese hamster AUXB1 cells limitations: Non-detection applies to the tested cell model and observation window. exposure: Doxycycline-induced cytosolic FPGS and tracer chase [lawrence2014] Mammalian mitochondrial and cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthetase maintain the subcellular compartmentalization of folates (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164808/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593244
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Dihydrofolate was also an effective substrate for purified human cytosolic FPGS.

    Human cytosolic FPGS isoform → 7,8-Dihydrofolate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    experimental_model
    Purified human cytosolic FPGS expressed in bacteria
    exposure
    Comparative substrate enzyme assays
    limitations
    Does not establish net DHF pool size in human tissues.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Homo sapiens protein expressed in Escherichia coli
    plain_language
    Polyglutamate tails can be attached before DHF is reduced.
    primary_references
    [chen1996] Purification and properties of human cytosolic folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase and organization, localization, and differential splicing of its gene (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8662720/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.22.13077
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Purified enzyme

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 267–277

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human cytosolic FPGS expressed in bacteria · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-fpgs-dhf-substrate Dihydrofolate was also an effective substrate for purified human cytosolic FPGS. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Polyglutamate tails can be attached before DHF is reduced. organism: Homo sapiens protein expressed in Escherichia coli tissue_or_cell_type: Purified enzyme experimental_model: Purified human cytosolic FPGS expressed in bacteria limitations: Does not establish net DHF pool size in human tissues. exposure: Comparative substrate enzyme assays [chen1996] Purification and properties of human cytosolic folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase and organization, localization, and differential splicing of its gene (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8662720/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.22.13077
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Mitochondrial human FPGS maintained a separately retained mitochondrial folate-polyglutamate pool in reconstituted AUXB1 cells.

    Human mitochondrial FPGS isoform → Mitochondrial folate accumulation source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    experimental_model
    Human FPGS isoforms in Chinese hamster AUXB1 cells
    exposure
    Induced mitochondrial FPGS and fractionation
    limitations
    Compartment separation is specific to the validated fractionation experiment.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Human enzyme in Cricetulus griseus cells
    plain_language
    Mitochondria make and keep their own folate tails.
    primary_references
    [lawrence2014] Mammalian mitochondrial and cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthetase maintain the subcellular compartmentalization of folates (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164808/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593244
    tissue_or_cell_type
    AUXB1 mitochondria

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 291–301

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human FPGS isoforms in Chinese hamster AUXB1 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-fpgs-mitochondrial-trapping Mitochondrial human FPGS maintained a separately retained mitochondrial folate-polyglutamate pool in reconstituted AUXB1 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Mitochondria make and keep their own folate tails. organism: Human enzyme in Cricetulus griseus cells tissue_or_cell_type: AUXB1 mitochondria experimental_model: Human FPGS isoforms in Chinese hamster AUXB1 cells limitations: Compartment separation is specific to the validated fractionation experiment. exposure: Induced mitochondrial FPGS and fractionation [lawrence2014] Mammalian mitochondrial and cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthetase maintain the subcellular compartmentalization of folates (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164808/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593244
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Purified human cytosolic FPGS used tetrahydrofolate as an effective substrate for polyglutamate synthesis.

    Human cytosolic FPGS isoform → Tetrahydrofolate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    experimental_model
    Purified human cytosolic FPGS expressed in bacteria
    exposure
    Comparative substrate enzyme assays
    limitations
    Purified substrate preference does not quantify intact-cell flux.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Homo sapiens protein expressed in Escherichia coli
    plain_language
    FPGS adds tails that help retain usable folate.
    primary_references
    [chen1996] Purification and properties of human cytosolic folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase and organization, localization, and differential splicing of its gene (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8662720/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.22.13077
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Purified enzyme

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 255–265

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human cytosolic FPGS expressed in bacteria · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-fpgs-thf-substrate Purified human cytosolic FPGS used tetrahydrofolate as an effective substrate for polyglutamate synthesis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: FPGS adds tails that help retain usable folate. organism: Homo sapiens protein expressed in Escherichia coli tissue_or_cell_type: Purified enzyme experimental_model: Purified human cytosolic FPGS expressed in bacteria limitations: Purified substrate preference does not quantify intact-cell flux. exposure: Comparative substrate enzyme assays [chen1996] Purification and properties of human cytosolic folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase and organization, localization, and differential splicing of its gene (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8662720/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.22.13077
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Human GCPII crystal structures resolved two zinc ions at the catalytic center, bridged by water or hydroxide and Asp387.

    Zinc(II) ion → Human glutamate carboxypeptidase II / FOLH1 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    Zinc-folate: molecular catalytic-site dependency; dietary zinc deficiency was not tested.
    experimental_model
    Recombinant human GCPII crystallography
    exposure
    Glutamate, phosphate and inhibitor-bound structures
    limitations
    Structural cofactor evidence does not establish zinc intake thresholds.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The folate-processing enzyme contains a two-zinc catalytic site.
    primary_references
    [mesters2006] Structure of glutamate carboxypeptidase II, a drug target in neuronal damage and prostate cancer (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16467855/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600969
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Purified recombinant protein

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 118–129

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human GCPII crystallography · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-gcpii-zinc-catalytic-center Human GCPII crystal structures resolved two zinc ions at the catalytic center, bridged by water or hydroxide and Asp387. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The folate-processing enzyme contains a two-zinc catalytic site. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified recombinant protein experimental_model: Recombinant human GCPII crystallography limitations: Structural cofactor evidence does not establish zinc intake thresholds. exposure: Glutamate, phosphate and inhibitor-bound structures cross_nutrient: Zinc-folate: molecular catalytic-site dependency; dietary zinc deficiency was not tested. [mesters2006] Structure of glutamate carboxypeptidase II, a drug target in neuronal damage and prostate cancer (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16467855/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600969
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Sulfasalazine competitively inhibited human jejunal brush-border folate hydrolase, with reported Ki 0.13 mM.

    Sulfasalazine → Human glutamate carboxypeptidase II / FOLH1 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    experimental_model
    Partially purified human jejunal brush-border enzyme
    exposure
    In-vitro inhibitor concentration series
    limitations
    Does not quantify clinical malabsorption or establish every drug mechanism.
    nutrient_topic
    Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    This drug can inhibit the folate digestion enzyme.
    primary_references
    [reisenauer1981] Human jejunal brush border folate conjugase. Characteristics and inhibition by salicylazosulfapyridine (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6113848/ DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90271-0
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Jejunal brush border

    Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 94–104

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Partially purified human jejunal brush-border enzyme · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### folate-sulfasalazine-conjugase-inhibition Sulfasalazine competitively inhibited human jejunal brush-border folate hydrolase, with reported Ki 0.13 mM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This drug can inhibit the folate digestion enzyme. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Jejunal brush border experimental_model: Partially purified human jejunal brush-border enzyme limitations: Does not quantify clinical malabsorption or establish every drug mechanism. exposure: In-vitro inhibitor concentration series [reisenauer1981] Human jejunal brush border folate conjugase. Characteristics and inhibition by salicylazosulfapyridine (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6113848/ DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90271-0
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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