D-chiro-inositol

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Dietary balance, GC-MS and stable-isotope tracing

exposure

Defined diets, heavy water and deuterated myo-inositol/DCI

limitations

Failure to detect conversion in mice does not exclude all human or isolated-tissue activity. Isotope strategy, chemical identification, species and dietary DCI contamination may contribute to disagreement with earlier radiotracer reports.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Rats and mice; conversion tracing in mice

plain_language

Diet itself can supply substantial D-chiro-inositol and confound attempts to measure its synthesis.

primary_references

[ino-p19586572] d- chiro-Inositol is absorbed but not synthesised in rodents. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19586572/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509990456

tissue_or_cell_type

Gastrointestinal absorption, plasma and excreta

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1237–1248

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary balance, GC-MS and stable-isotope tracing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-dci-absorption More than 98% of dietary D-chiro-inositol equivalents from the tested rodent diet, purified pinitol or labeled D-chiro-inositol were absorbed in rat balance experiments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Diet itself can supply substantial D-chiro-inositol and confound attempts to measure its synthesis. organism: Rats and mice; conversion tracing in mice tissue_or_cell_type: Gastrointestinal absorption, plasma and excreta experimental_model: Dietary balance, GC-MS and stable-isotope tracing limitations: Failure to detect conversion in mice does not exclude all human or isolated-tissue activity. Isotope strategy, chemical identification, species and dietary DCI contamination may contribute to disagreement with earlier radiotracer reports. exposure: Defined diets, heavy water and deuterated myo-inositol/DCI evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/19586572.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c6e57e631fef5921afd04f75718024d5b14ca525460e2c96275a4fc320c3b26", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1544, "text_sha256": "7c6e57e631fef5921afd04f75718024d5b14ca525460e2c96275a4fc320c3b26"} [ino-p19586572] d- chiro-Inositol is absorbed but not synthesised in rodents. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19586572/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509990456

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/19586572.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c6e57e631fef5921afd04f75718024d5b14ca525460e2c96275a4fc320c3b26", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1544, "text_sha256": "7c6e57e631fef5921afd04f75718024d5b14ca525460e2c96275a4fc320c3b26"}

experimental_model

Dietary balance, GC-MS and stable-isotope tracing

exposure

Defined diets, heavy water and deuterated myo-inositol/DCI

limitations

Failure to detect conversion in mice does not exclude all human or isolated-tissue activity. Isotope strategy, chemical identification, species and dietary DCI contamination may contribute to disagreement with earlier radiotracer reports.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Rats and mice; conversion tracing in mice

plain_language

The measured pool depended strongly on dietary input in this experiment.

primary_references

[ino-p19586572] d- chiro-Inositol is absorbed but not synthesised in rodents. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19586572/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509990456

tissue_or_cell_type

Gastrointestinal absorption, plasma and excreta

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1250–1261

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary balance, GC-MS and stable-isotope tracing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-dci-diet-depletion DCI in mouse plasma, stool and urine fell to very low levels on the pinitol/DCI-depleted diet, whereas levels remained stable on standard chow. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The measured pool depended strongly on dietary input in this experiment. organism: Rats and mice; conversion tracing in mice tissue_or_cell_type: Gastrointestinal absorption, plasma and excreta experimental_model: Dietary balance, GC-MS and stable-isotope tracing limitations: Failure to detect conversion in mice does not exclude all human or isolated-tissue activity. Isotope strategy, chemical identification, species and dietary DCI contamination may contribute to disagreement with earlier radiotracer reports. exposure: Defined diets, heavy water and deuterated myo-inositol/DCI evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/19586572.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c6e57e631fef5921afd04f75718024d5b14ca525460e2c96275a4fc320c3b26", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1544, "text_sha256": "7c6e57e631fef5921afd04f75718024d5b14ca525460e2c96275a4fc320c3b26"} [ino-p19586572] d- chiro-Inositol is absorbed but not synthesised in rodents. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19586572/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509990456

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/10219066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2121, "text_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854"}

experimental_model

Randomized placebo-controlled trial

exposure

D-chiro-inositol 1200 mg/day for 6–8 weeks versus placebo; historical study regimen

limitations

Small short trial, not live-birth evidence. Within-group insulin improvement was stronger than the between-group comparison.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Improvement within one group alone was not a conventionally significant between-group result.

primary_references

[ino-p10219066] Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10219066/ DOI: 10.1056/nejm199904293401703

tissue_or_cell_type

44 obese women with PCOS

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1302–1313

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-dci-insulin-uncertain Insulin-area reduction was significant within the D-chiro-inositol group, but the difference in change versus placebo had P=0.07. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Improvement within one group alone was not a conventionally significant between-group result. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: 44 obese women with PCOS experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled trial limitations: Small short trial, not live-birth evidence. Within-group insulin improvement was stronger than the between-group comparison. exposure: D-chiro-inositol 1200 mg/day for 6–8 weeks versus placebo; historical study regimen evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/10219066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2121, "text_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854"} [ino-p10219066] Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10219066/ DOI: 10.1056/nejm199904293401703

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/10219066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2121, "text_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854"}

experimental_model

Randomized placebo-controlled trial

exposure

D-chiro-inositol 1200 mg/day for 6–8 weeks versus placebo; historical study regimen

limitations

Small short trial, not live-birth evidence. Within-group insulin improvement was stronger than the between-group comparison.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

One androgen measure improved in this specific study.

primary_references

[ino-p10219066] Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10219066/ DOI: 10.1056/nejm199904293401703

tissue_or_cell_type

44 obese women with PCOS

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1315–1326

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-dci-testosterone The reduction in free testosterone differed from placebo in the small D-chiro-inositol trial (P=0.006). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One androgen measure improved in this specific study. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: 44 obese women with PCOS experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled trial limitations: Small short trial, not live-birth evidence. Within-group insulin improvement was stronger than the between-group comparison. exposure: D-chiro-inositol 1200 mg/day for 6–8 weeks versus placebo; historical study regimen evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/10219066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2121, "text_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854"} [ino-p10219066] Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10219066/ DOI: 10.1056/nejm199904293401703

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/10219066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2121, "text_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854"}

experimental_model

Randomized placebo-controlled trial

exposure

D-chiro-inositol 1200 mg/day for 6–8 weeks versus placebo; historical study regimen

limitations

Small short trial, not live-birth evidence. Within-group insulin improvement was stronger than the between-group comparison.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

This small trial found more ovulation with D-chiro-inositol; it did not establish improved live birth.

primary_references

[ino-p10219066] Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10219066/ DOI: 10.1056/nejm199904293401703

tissue_or_cell_type

44 obese women with PCOS

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1289–1300

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-dci-trial Ovulation occurred in 19/22 D-chiro-inositol recipients versus 6/22 placebo recipients in the 1999 PCOS trial. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This small trial found more ovulation with D-chiro-inositol; it did not establish improved live birth. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: 44 obese women with PCOS experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled trial limitations: Small short trial, not live-birth evidence. Within-group insulin improvement was stronger than the between-group comparison. exposure: D-chiro-inositol 1200 mg/day for 6–8 weeks versus placebo; historical study regimen evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/10219066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2121, "text_sha256": "2b70007c28cc93c6f18b457701ec8b034a3bbe888db05e85eca71d50199dc854"} [ino-p10219066] Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10219066/ DOI: 10.1056/nejm199904293401703

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/19586572.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c6e57e631fef5921afd04f75718024d5b14ca525460e2c96275a4fc320c3b26", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1544, "text_sha256": "7c6e57e631fef5921afd04f75718024d5b14ca525460e2c96275a4fc320c3b26"}

experimental_model

Dietary balance, GC-MS and stable-isotope tracing

exposure

Defined diets, heavy water and deuterated myo-inositol/DCI

limitations

Failure to detect conversion in mice does not exclude all human or isolated-tissue activity. Isotope strategy, chemical identification, species and dietary DCI contamination may contribute to disagreement with earlier radiotracer reports.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Rats and mice; conversion tracing in mice

plain_language

This study did not reproduce the proposed endogenous conversion route in its mouse experiments.

primary_references

[ino-p19586572] d- chiro-Inositol is absorbed but not synthesised in rodents. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19586572/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509990456

tissue_or_cell_type

Gastrointestinal absorption, plasma and excreta

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1224–1235

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary balance, GC-MS and stable-isotope tracing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-dci-no-conversion In the mouse tracer experiments, labeled D-chiro-inositol was not detected after heavy-water exposure or deuterated myo-inositol administration. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This study did not reproduce the proposed endogenous conversion route in its mouse experiments. organism: Rats and mice; conversion tracing in mice tissue_or_cell_type: Gastrointestinal absorption, plasma and excreta experimental_model: Dietary balance, GC-MS and stable-isotope tracing limitations: Failure to detect conversion in mice does not exclude all human or isolated-tissue activity. Isotope strategy, chemical identification, species and dietary DCI contamination may contribute to disagreement with earlier radiotracer reports. exposure: Defined diets, heavy water and deuterated myo-inositol/DCI evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/19586572.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c6e57e631fef5921afd04f75718024d5b14ca525460e2c96275a4fc320c3b26", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1544, "text_sha256": "7c6e57e631fef5921afd04f75718024d5b14ca525460e2c96275a4fc320c3b26"} [ino-p19586572] d- chiro-Inositol is absorbed but not synthesised in rodents. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19586572/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509990456

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/19032932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4fdc565b9aa26ef5f2d083c539a1b0367403b39f0c75d3ea1b194bf6fa525242", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1164, "text_sha256": "4fdc565b9aa26ef5f2d083c539a1b0367403b39f0c75d3ea1b194bf6fa525242"}

experimental_model

Human SMIT2 overexpression and radiotracer uptake

exposure

Overexpression, glucose competition and insulin exposure

limitations

Overexpression is not normal transporter abundance. Insulin experiments used untransfected rat cells; changes in human diabetes are proposed, not demonstrated here.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Human transporter in rat L6 myoblasts

plain_language

The transporter can carry a second inositol stereoisomer.

primary_references

[ino-p19032932] Human sodium/inositol cotransporter 2 (SMIT2) transports inositols but not glucose in L6 cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19032932/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.11.008

tissue_or_cell_type

Skeletal-muscle cell model

transport_effect

raises Expression increased D-chiro-inositol uptake 159-fold.

transport_pool

the expressing cell Expression increased D-chiro-inositol uptake 159-fold.

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 301–312

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human SMIT2 overexpression and radiotracer uptake · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-smit2-dci Human SMIT2 expression increased D-chiro-inositol uptake 159-fold in rat L6 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The transporter can carry a second inositol stereoisomer. organism: Human transporter in rat L6 myoblasts tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal-muscle cell model experimental_model: Human SMIT2 overexpression and radiotracer uptake limitations: Overexpression is not normal transporter abundance. Insulin experiments used untransfected rat cells; changes in human diabetes are proposed, not demonstrated here. exposure: Overexpression, glucose competition and insulin exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/19032932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4fdc565b9aa26ef5f2d083c539a1b0367403b39f0c75d3ea1b194bf6fa525242", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1164, "text_sha256": "4fdc565b9aa26ef5f2d083c539a1b0367403b39f0c75d3ea1b194bf6fa525242"} [ino-p19032932] Human sodium/inositol cotransporter 2 (SMIT2) transports inositols but not glucose in L6 cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19032932/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.11.008

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/12051772.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "28ae1225b489898738997d2376ab09857f017314086979032d3ad907299a1154", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2218, "text_sha256": "28ae1225b489898738997d2376ab09857f017314086979032d3ad907299a1154"}

experimental_model

Radiotracer conversion and cytosolic enzyme assays

exposure

Diabetic rat versus controls; reduced pyridine-nucleotide cofactors

limitations

The molecular identity of the activity was not established here. A later mouse stable-isotope study found no myo-to-D-chiro conversion; the research disagreement is recorded separately. Do not invent a human epimerase gene or infer a universal supplement ratio.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Goto-Kakizaki and Wistar rats

plain_language

One stereoisomer can be converted into another in this rat tissue preparation.

primary_references

[ino-p12051772] Both myo-inositol to chiro-inositol epimerase activities and chiro-inositol to myo-inositol ratios are decreased in tissues of GK type 2 diabetic rats compared to Wistar controls. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12051772/ DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00313-3

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver, muscle, kidney and adipose preparations

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1172–1183

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiotracer conversion and cytosolic enzyme assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-rat-epimerase Rat liver cytosol contained activity converting myo-inositol to D-chiro-inositol. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One stereoisomer can be converted into another in this rat tissue preparation. organism: Goto-Kakizaki and Wistar rats tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, muscle, kidney and adipose preparations experimental_model: Radiotracer conversion and cytosolic enzyme assays limitations: The molecular identity of the activity was not established here. A later mouse stable-isotope study found no myo-to-D-chiro conversion; the research disagreement is recorded separately. Do not invent a human epimerase gene or infer a universal supplement ratio. exposure: Diabetic rat versus controls; reduced pyridine-nucleotide cofactors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/12051772.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "28ae1225b489898738997d2376ab09857f017314086979032d3ad907299a1154", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2218, "text_sha256": "28ae1225b489898738997d2376ab09857f017314086979032d3ad907299a1154"} [ino-p12051772] Both myo-inositol to chiro-inositol epimerase activities and chiro-inositol to myo-inositol ratios are decreased in tissues of GK type 2 diabetic rats compared to Wistar controls. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12051772/ DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00313-3