Component

0.9% sodium chloride intravenous solution

0.9% sodium chloride intravenous solution. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

5 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Saline produced sustained hyperchloremia, unlike Plasma-Lyte 148.

    0.9% sodium chloride intravenous solution → Plasma or serum chloride concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/22580944.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1757, "text_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized blinded crossover
    exposure
    2 L saline or Plasma-Lyte 148 over one hour
    limitations
    IV fluid formulations differ in several components; short-term perfusion is not kidney failure or dietary salt exposure.
    nutrient_topic
    Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chloride
    organism
    Twelve healthy adult men
    plain_language
    The chloride content of a large IV fluid load changes blood chemistry.
    primary_references
    [chloride-p22580944] A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22580944/ DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318256be72
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Renal MRI and blood chemistry

    Chloride: transport, acid-base balance, nutrient interactions and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 965–976

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized blinded crossover · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chloride-saline-chloride Saline produced sustained hyperchloremia, unlike Plasma-Lyte 148. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The chloride content of a large IV fluid load changes blood chemistry. organism: Twelve healthy adult men tissue_or_cell_type: Renal MRI and blood chemistry experimental_model: Randomized blinded crossover limitations: IV fluid formulations differ in several components; short-term perfusion is not kidney failure or dietary salt exposure. exposure: 2 L saline or Plasma-Lyte 148 over one hour evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/22580944.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1757, "text_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814"} [chloride-p22580944] A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22580944/ DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318256be72
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Renal cortical perfusion fell from baseline after saline but not Plasma-Lyte.

    0.9% sodium chloride intravenous solution → Renal cortical tissue perfusion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/22580944.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1757, "text_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized blinded crossover
    exposure
    2 L saline or Plasma-Lyte 148 over one hour
    limitations
    IV fluid formulations differ in several components; short-term perfusion is not kidney failure or dietary salt exposure.
    nutrient_topic
    Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chloride
    organism
    Twelve healthy adult men
    plain_language
    A short-term kidney blood-flow measure changed; this alone does not prove tissue injury.
    primary_references
    [chloride-p22580944] A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22580944/ DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318256be72
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Renal MRI and blood chemistry

    Chloride: transport, acid-base balance, nutrient interactions and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 991–1002

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized blinded crossover · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chloride-saline-perfusion Renal cortical perfusion fell from baseline after saline but not Plasma-Lyte. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A short-term kidney blood-flow measure changed; this alone does not prove tissue injury. organism: Twelve healthy adult men tissue_or_cell_type: Renal MRI and blood chemistry experimental_model: Randomized blinded crossover limitations: IV fluid formulations differ in several components; short-term perfusion is not kidney failure or dietary salt exposure. exposure: 2 L saline or Plasma-Lyte 148 over one hour evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/22580944.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1757, "text_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814"} [chloride-p22580944] A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22580944/ DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318256be72
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. The fall in strong-ion difference was greater after saline than Plasma-Lyte.

    0.9% sodium chloride intravenous solution → Plasma strong-ion difference source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/22580944.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1757, "text_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized blinded crossover
    exposure
    2 L saline or Plasma-Lyte 148 over one hour
    limitations
    IV fluid formulations differ in several components; short-term perfusion is not kidney failure or dietary salt exposure.
    nutrient_topic
    Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chloride
    organism
    Twelve healthy adult men
    plain_language
    The balance of strong ions changed alongside the chloride rise.
    primary_references
    [chloride-p22580944] A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22580944/ DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318256be72
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Renal MRI and blood chemistry

    Chloride: transport, acid-base balance, nutrient interactions and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 978–989

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized blinded crossover · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chloride-saline-sid The fall in strong-ion difference was greater after saline than Plasma-Lyte. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The balance of strong ions changed alongside the chloride rise. organism: Twelve healthy adult men tissue_or_cell_type: Renal MRI and blood chemistry experimental_model: Randomized blinded crossover limitations: IV fluid formulations differ in several components; short-term perfusion is not kidney failure or dietary salt exposure. exposure: 2 L saline or Plasma-Lyte 148 over one hour evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/22580944.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1757, "text_sha256": "7d2fb56addfe8ab376d6b086ad5d0da5220a0f6ceaa5733612d927ad2edb1814"} [chloride-p22580944] A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22580944/ DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318256be72
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Ninety-day mortality was 21.8% versus 22.0% with balanced fluid and saline (P=0.90).

    Balanced crystalloid intravenous solutions (formulation specified per claim) → Death within 90 days source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/35041780.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "93fd07a116ddc28d056e36eb8aa72edd0666af1d402fe9a297fc5698d9d62e70", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2031, "text_sha256": "93fd07a116ddc28d056e36eb8aa72edd0666af1d402fe9a297fc5698d9d62e70"}
    experimental_model
    PLUS double-blind randomized trial
    exposure
    Plasma-Lyte 148 versus saline
    limitations
    Different primary outcome and design from SMART; a nonsignificant difference does not prove equivalence or isolate chloride.
    nutrient_topic
    Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chloride
    organism
    5,037 critically ill adults
    plain_language
    A later trial did not show a survival benefit.
    primary_references
    [chloride-p35041780] Balanced Multielectrolyte Solution versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35041780/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2114464
    tissue_or_cell_type
    53 Australian/New Zealand ICUs

    Chloride: transport, acid-base balance, nutrient interactions and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 1017–1028

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · PLUS double-blind randomized trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chloride-plus-mortality Ninety-day mortality was 21.8% versus 22.0% with balanced fluid and saline (P=0.90). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A later trial did not show a survival benefit. organism: 5,037 critically ill adults tissue_or_cell_type: 53 Australian/New Zealand ICUs experimental_model: PLUS double-blind randomized trial limitations: Different primary outcome and design from SMART; a nonsignificant difference does not prove equivalence or isolate chloride. exposure: Plasma-Lyte 148 versus saline evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/35041780.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "93fd07a116ddc28d056e36eb8aa72edd0666af1d402fe9a297fc5698d9d62e70", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2031, "text_sha256": "93fd07a116ddc28d056e36eb8aa72edd0666af1d402fe9a297fc5698d9d62e70"} [chloride-p35041780] Balanced Multielectrolyte Solution versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35041780/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2114464
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. MAKE30 occurred in 14.3% with balanced crystalloids versus 15.4% with saline (P=0.04).

    Balanced crystalloid intravenous solutions (formulation specified per claim) → Major adverse kidney event within 30 days / MAKE30 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/29485925.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "10dfa6509546c1ed6e3ef5ebf45e595574e58e70aca47dbb2bd372c71ffa333a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1901, "text_sha256": "10dfa6509546c1ed6e3ef5ebf45e595574e58e70aca47dbb2bd372c71ffa333a"}
    experimental_model
    SMART pragmatic cluster-randomized crossover
    exposure
    Balanced crystalloids versus saline
    limitations
    Composite primary endpoint; mortality and separate renal components were not individually significant. Not chloride-only randomization.
    nutrient_topic
    Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chloride
    organism
    15,802 critically ill adults
    plain_language
    One large trial favored balanced fluid for a combined kidney-and-death endpoint.
    primary_references
    [chloride-p29485925] Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29485925/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1711584
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Five ICUs at one academic center

    Chloride: transport, acid-base balance, nutrient interactions and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 1004–1015

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SMART pragmatic cluster-randomized crossover · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chloride-smart-composite MAKE30 occurred in 14.3% with balanced crystalloids versus 15.4% with saline (P=0.04). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One large trial favored balanced fluid for a combined kidney-and-death endpoint. organism: 15,802 critically ill adults tissue_or_cell_type: Five ICUs at one academic center experimental_model: SMART pragmatic cluster-randomized crossover limitations: Composite primary endpoint; mortality and separate renal components were not individually significant. Not chloride-only randomization. exposure: Balanced crystalloids versus saline evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/29485925.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "10dfa6509546c1ed6e3ef5ebf45e595574e58e70aca47dbb2bd372c71ffa333a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1901, "text_sha256": "10dfa6509546c1ed6e3ef5ebf45e595574e58e70aca47dbb2bd372c71ffa333a"} [chloride-p29485925] Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29485925/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1711584
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards