Component

Fatty liver or muscle damage during controlled human choline depletion

Fatty liver or muscle damage during controlled human choline depletion. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

5 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. The BHMT rs3733890 comparison did not show an association with susceptibility in this depletion study.

    BHMT rs3733890 genotype comparison in the 2006 depletion study → Fatty liver or muscle damage during controlled human choline depletion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/16816108.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1424, "text_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1"}
    experimental_model
    Genotype association within the controlled depletion cohort
    exposure
    Common PEMT/CHDH/BHMT variants during low-choline feeding
    limitations
    Small candidate-gene study; does not support deterministic recommendations from one SNP. Shares participants with related depletion publications.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Not every tested variant predicted the clinical response.
    primary_references
    [choline-p16816108] Common genetic polymorphisms affect the human requirement for the nutrient choline. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16816108/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5734com
    tissue_or_cell_type
    57 participants; liver and muscle endpoints

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1062–1073

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Genotype association within the controlled depletion cohort · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-bhmt-snp-null The BHMT rs3733890 comparison did not show an association with susceptibility in this depletion study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Not every tested variant predicted the clinical response. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 57 participants; liver and muscle endpoints experimental_model: Genotype association within the controlled depletion cohort limitations: Small candidate-gene study; does not support deterministic recommendations from one SNP. Shares participants with related depletion publications. exposure: Common PEMT/CHDH/BHMT variants during low-choline feeding evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/16816108.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1424, "text_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1"} [choline-p16816108] Common genetic polymorphisms affect the human requirement for the nutrient choline. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16816108/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5734com
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. During deprivation, fatty liver or muscle damage developed in 77% of men, 80% of postmenopausal women and 44% of premenopausal women.

    Controlled low-choline diet in the 2006–2007 human depletion cohort → Fatty liver or muscle damage during controlled human choline depletion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/17490963.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "28d18f06c2deb6f384ef2b5e84238b05deb076778619c21ee9682d49e34ae824", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1758, "text_sha256": "28d18f06c2deb6f384ef2b5e84238b05deb076778619c21ee9682d49e34ae824"}
    experimental_model
    Controlled depletion/repletion with randomized folic acid supplementation
    exposure
    550 mg choline/70 kg/day for 10 days, then less than 50 mg/70 kg/day up to 42 days; graded repletion
    limitations
    Supervised experimental depletion, not a recommended intake protocol. Liver/muscle endpoints and susceptibility differed; one cohort underlies related genetic publications.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The response to low choline differed across people.
    primary_references
    [choline-p17490963] Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17490963/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1275
    tissue_or_cell_type
    57 adults: 26 men, 16 premenopausal and 15 postmenopausal women
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 997–1008

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled depletion/repletion with randomized folic acid supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-depletion-organs During deprivation, fatty liver or muscle damage developed in 77% of men, 80% of postmenopausal women and 44% of premenopausal women. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response to low choline differed across people. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 57 adults: 26 men, 16 premenopausal and 15 postmenopausal women experimental_model: Controlled depletion/repletion with randomized folic acid supplementation limitations: Supervised experimental depletion, not a recommended intake protocol. Liver/muscle endpoints and susceptibility differed; one cohort underlies related genetic publications. exposure: 550 mg choline/70 kg/day for 10 days, then less than 50 mg/70 kg/day up to 42 days; graded repletion evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/17490963.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "28d18f06c2deb6f384ef2b5e84238b05deb076778619c21ee9682d49e34ae824", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1758, "text_sha256": "28d18f06c2deb6f384ef2b5e84238b05deb076778619c21ee9682d49e34ae824"} [choline-p17490963] Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17490963/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1275
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Randomized folic acid supplementation at 400 micrograms/day did not alter the response to the choline-depletion diet.

    Folic acid → Fatty liver or muscle damage during controlled human choline depletion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/17490963.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "28d18f06c2deb6f384ef2b5e84238b05deb076778619c21ee9682d49e34ae824", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1758, "text_sha256": "28d18f06c2deb6f384ef2b5e84238b05deb076778619c21ee9682d49e34ae824"}
    experimental_model
    Controlled depletion/repletion with randomized folic acid supplementation
    exposure
    550 mg choline/70 kg/day for 10 days, then less than 50 mg/70 kg/day up to 42 days; graded repletion
    limitations
    Supervised experimental depletion, not a recommended intake protocol. Liver/muscle endpoints and susceptibility differed; one cohort underlies related genetic publications.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Folic acid did not substitute for choline in preventing these liver or muscle endpoints.
    primary_references
    [choline-p17490963] Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17490963/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1275
    tissue_or_cell_type
    57 adults: 26 men, 16 premenopausal and 15 postmenopausal women
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1023–1034

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled depletion/repletion with randomized folic acid supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-folate-no-organ-rescue Randomized folic acid supplementation at 400 micrograms/day did not alter the response to the choline-depletion diet. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Folic acid did not substitute for choline in preventing these liver or muscle endpoints. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 57 adults: 26 men, 16 premenopausal and 15 postmenopausal women experimental_model: Controlled depletion/repletion with randomized folic acid supplementation limitations: Supervised experimental depletion, not a recommended intake protocol. Liver/muscle endpoints and susceptibility differed; one cohort underlies related genetic publications. exposure: 550 mg choline/70 kg/day for 10 days, then less than 50 mg/70 kg/day up to 42 days; graded repletion evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/17490963.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "28d18f06c2deb6f384ef2b5e84238b05deb076778619c21ee9682d49e34ae824", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1758, "text_sha256": "28d18f06c2deb6f384ef2b5e84238b05deb076778619c21ee9682d49e34ae824"} [choline-p17490963] Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17490963/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1275
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. The PEMT rs7946 comparison did not show an association with susceptibility in this depletion study.

    PEMT rs7946 genotype comparison in the 2006 depletion study → Fatty liver or muscle damage during controlled human choline depletion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/16816108.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1424, "text_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1"}
    experimental_model
    Genotype association within the controlled depletion cohort
    exposure
    Common PEMT/CHDH/BHMT variants during low-choline feeding
    limitations
    Small candidate-gene study; does not support deterministic recommendations from one SNP. Shares participants with related depletion publications.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Not every tested variant predicted the clinical response.
    primary_references
    [choline-p16816108] Common genetic polymorphisms affect the human requirement for the nutrient choline. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16816108/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5734com
    tissue_or_cell_type
    57 participants; liver and muscle endpoints

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1049–1060

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Genotype association within the controlled depletion cohort · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pemt-rs7946-null The PEMT rs7946 comparison did not show an association with susceptibility in this depletion study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Not every tested variant predicted the clinical response. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 57 participants; liver and muscle endpoints experimental_model: Genotype association within the controlled depletion cohort limitations: Small candidate-gene study; does not support deterministic recommendations from one SNP. Shares participants with related depletion publications. exposure: Common PEMT/CHDH/BHMT variants during low-choline feeding evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/16816108.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1424, "text_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1"} [choline-p16816108] Common genetic polymorphisms affect the human requirement for the nutrient choline. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16816108/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5734com
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Among women, 18 of 23 PEMT rs12325817 C-allele carriers developed organ dysfunction during depletion; reported odds ratio 25, p=0.002.

    PEMT rs12325817 C allele in the 2006 depletion study → Fatty liver or muscle damage during controlled human choline depletion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/16816108.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1424, "text_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1"}
    experimental_model
    Genotype association within the controlled depletion cohort
    exposure
    Common PEMT/CHDH/BHMT variants during low-choline feeding
    limitations
    Small candidate-gene study; does not support deterministic recommendations from one SNP. Shares participants with related depletion publications.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    This variant marked higher susceptibility in the small study.
    primary_references
    [choline-p16816108] Common genetic polymorphisms affect the human requirement for the nutrient choline. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16816108/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5734com
    tissue_or_cell_type
    57 participants; liver and muscle endpoints
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1036–1047

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Genotype association within the controlled depletion cohort · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pemt-snp-risk Among women, 18 of 23 PEMT rs12325817 C-allele carriers developed organ dysfunction during depletion; reported odds ratio 25, p=0.002. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This variant marked higher susceptibility in the small study. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 57 participants; liver and muscle endpoints experimental_model: Genotype association within the controlled depletion cohort limitations: Small candidate-gene study; does not support deterministic recommendations from one SNP. Shares participants with related depletion publications. exposure: Common PEMT/CHDH/BHMT variants during low-choline feeding evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/16816108.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1424, "text_sha256": "555f2ace5850ed1fce7061ce91c5133cac7d92c29fdab192b0aa595f9dd390b1"} [choline-p16816108] Common genetic polymorphisms affect the human requirement for the nutrient choline. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16816108/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5734com
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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