3-Dehydroshikimate / DHS

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full results, tables and supplements not independently extracted. Primary full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figures reviewed. Selective extraction, not raw-data reanalysis or exhaustive supplemental extraction.

experimental_model

Escherichia coli biochemical pathway; source-specific enzyme evidence recorded in the passage.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.

plain_language

AroE reduces DHS to shikimate with NADPH oxidation to NADP+.

primary_references

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for shikimate pathway derivative production from glucose-xylose co-substrate. | 2020 | DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-14024-1 | PMID 31937786 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31937786/ | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14024-1 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6959354/

primary_references

Structures of shikimate dehydrogenase AroE and its Paralog YdiB. A common structural framework for different activities. | 2003 | DOI 10.1074/jbc.m300794200 | PMID 12637497 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12637497/ | https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m300794200

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 13-13; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Shikimic acid: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 5 October 2026) · lines 13–13

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Escherichia coli biochemical pathway; source-specific enzyme evidence recorded in the passage. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**NADPH supplies reducing equivalents.** E. coli AroE reduces DHS to shikimate using NADPH, producing NADP+. The reaction is reversible; direction depends on conditions. Primary structural/biochemical work distinguishes NADP-specific AroE from paralog YdiB, which accepts NAD or NADP and has quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase activity. Do not give every homolog identical cofactor specificity or infer that human niacin supplementation necessarily increases gut pathway flux. [Structures of shikimate dehydrogenase AroE and its Paralog YdiB. A common structural framework for different activities.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12637497/) [Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for shikimate pathway derivative production from glucose-xylose co-substrate.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31937786/)

evidence_access

Primary full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figures reviewed. Selective extraction, not raw-data reanalysis or exhaustive supplemental extraction.

experimental_model

Purified enzyme oxidative branch with subsequent spontaneous aromatization proposed in the paper, distinct from NADPH-driven DHS reduction.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.

plain_language

The studied E. coli AroE system supported NADP+-dependent DHS oxidation toward gallic acid.

primary_references

Mechanism of gallic acid biosynthesis in bacteria (Escherichia coli) and walnut (Juglans regia). | 2011 | DOI 10.1007/s11103-011-9739-3 | PMID 21279669 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21279669/ | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-011-9739-3 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3057006/

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 87-87; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Shikimic acid: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 5 October 2026) · lines 87–87

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Purified enzyme oxidative branch with subsequent spontaneous aromatization proposed in the paper, distinct from NADPH-driven DHS reduction. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**A plant oxidative branch is not a human metabolic pathway.** Walnut shikimate-dehydrogenase work and E. coli AroE assays support oxidation of DHS toward gallic acid with NADP+ in the studied enzyme systems; expression of walnut JrSDH in tobacco increased gallic-acid accumulation. This branch shows why substrate and redox context matter for enzyme function. It is not evidence that oral shikimic acid is converted into gallic acid by a human shikimate pathway. [Mechanism of gallic acid biosynthesis in bacteria (Escherichia coli) and walnut (Juglans regia).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21279669/)

evidence_access

Primary full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figures reviewed. Selective extraction, not raw-data reanalysis or exhaustive supplemental extraction.

experimental_model

Walnut enzyme assays and transgenic tobacco context; not a human pathway.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.

plain_language

Walnut shikimate dehydrogenase supports the studied oxidative route toward gallic acid.

primary_references

Mechanism of gallic acid biosynthesis in bacteria (Escherichia coli) and walnut (Juglans regia). | 2011 | DOI 10.1007/s11103-011-9739-3 | PMID 21279669 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21279669/ | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-011-9739-3 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3057006/

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 87-87; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Shikimic acid: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 5 October 2026) · lines 87–87

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Walnut enzyme assays and transgenic tobacco context; not a human pathway. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**A plant oxidative branch is not a human metabolic pathway.** Walnut shikimate-dehydrogenase work and E. coli AroE assays support oxidation of DHS toward gallic acid with NADP+ in the studied enzyme systems; expression of walnut JrSDH in tobacco increased gallic-acid accumulation. This branch shows why substrate and redox context matter for enzyme function. It is not evidence that oral shikimic acid is converted into gallic acid by a human shikimate pathway. [Mechanism of gallic acid biosynthesis in bacteria (Escherichia coli) and walnut (Juglans regia).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21279669/)

evidence_access

Primary full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figures reviewed. Selective extraction, not raw-data reanalysis or exhaustive supplemental extraction.

experimental_model

Escherichia coli biochemical pathway; source-specific enzyme evidence recorded in the passage.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.

plain_language

AroD dehydrates 3-dehydroquinate to 3-dehydroshikimate.

primary_references

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for shikimate pathway derivative production from glucose-xylose co-substrate. | 2020 | DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-14024-1 | PMID 31937786 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31937786/ | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14024-1 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6959354/

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 11-11; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Shikimic acid: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 5 October 2026) · lines 11–11

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Escherichia coli biochemical pathway; source-specific enzyme evidence recorded in the passage. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**The two steps before shikimate.** E. coli AroB converts DAHP to 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ); AroD dehydrates DHQ to 3-dehydroshikimate (DHS). DHS and shikimate are different metabolites. Separating these intermediates matters when metabolomics shows them accumulating during downstream inhibition. [Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for shikimate pathway derivative production from glucose-xylose co-substrate.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31937786/)

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full results, tables and supplements not independently extracted. Primary full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figures reviewed. Selective extraction, not raw-data reanalysis or exhaustive supplemental extraction.

experimental_model

E. coli enzyme cofactor specificity.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.

plain_language

NADPH provides reducing equivalents for the biosynthetic AroE reaction.

primary_references

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for shikimate pathway derivative production from glucose-xylose co-substrate. | 2020 | DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-14024-1 | PMID 31937786 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31937786/ | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14024-1 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6959354/

primary_references

Structures of shikimate dehydrogenase AroE and its Paralog YdiB. A common structural framework for different activities. | 2003 | DOI 10.1074/jbc.m300794200 | PMID 12637497 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12637497/ | https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m300794200

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 13-13; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Shikimic acid: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 5 October 2026) · lines 13–13

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · E. coli enzyme cofactor specificity. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**NADPH supplies reducing equivalents.** E. coli AroE reduces DHS to shikimate using NADPH, producing NADP+. The reaction is reversible; direction depends on conditions. Primary structural/biochemical work distinguishes NADP-specific AroE from paralog YdiB, which accepts NAD or NADP and has quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase activity. Do not give every homolog identical cofactor specificity or infer that human niacin supplementation necessarily increases gut pathway flux. [Structures of shikimate dehydrogenase AroE and its Paralog YdiB. A common structural framework for different activities.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12637497/) [Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for shikimate pathway derivative production from glucose-xylose co-substrate.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31937786/)

evidence_access

Primary full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figures reviewed. Selective extraction, not raw-data reanalysis or exhaustive supplemental extraction.

experimental_model

Female Sprague–Dawley rats; 0.5, 50 and 175 mg/kg/day glyphosate-equivalent groups; 12/group.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Study-level direction; no unsupported per-dose significance claim. Pool accumulation is not increased downstream flux.

plain_language

The 90-day glyphosate study recorded cecal 3-dehydroshikimate accumulation consistent with pathway inhibition.

primary_references

Use of Shotgun Metagenomics and Metabolomics to Evaluate the Impact of Glyphosate or Roundup MON 52276 on the Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolome of Sprague-Dawley Rats. | 2021 | DOI 10.1289/ehp6990 | PMID 33502259 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33502259/ | https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp6990 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7839352/

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 37-37; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Shikimic acid: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 5 October 2026) · lines 37–37

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Female Sprague–Dawley rats; 0.5, 50 and 175 mg/kg/day glyphosate-equivalent groups; 12/group. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**An upstream pool can rise when flux is blocked.** Mesnage 2021 compared pure glyphosate and Roundup MON52276 in female Sprague–Dawley rats for 90 days at 0.5, 50 and 175 mg/kg/day glyphosate-equivalent exposures, with 12 animals per group. Cecal shikimate and DHS accumulation supported pathway inhibition; abundance alone was less informative. The collection records study-level accumulation rather than asserting every dose had an identical significant effect. Overall alpha-diversity differences were not significant (p=0.09), while beta diversity differed. Selected low-abundance taxa changed, and formulation-specific differences remained. Serum shikimate was undetected with the employed method, whose sensitivity and protein interference limit a zero-exposure interpretation. [Use of Shotgun Metagenomics and Metabolomics to Evaluate the Impact of Glyphosate or Roundup MON 52276 on the Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolome of Sprague-Dawley Rats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33502259/)

evidence_access

Primary full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figures reviewed. Selective extraction, not raw-data reanalysis or exhaustive supplemental extraction.

experimental_model

Female Sprague–Dawley rats; 0.5, 50 and 175 mg/kg/day glyphosate-equivalent groups; 12/group.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Study-level direction; no unsupported per-dose significance claim. Pool accumulation is not increased downstream flux.

plain_language

The 90-day roundup-mon52276 study recorded cecal 3-dehydroshikimate accumulation consistent with pathway inhibition.

primary_references

Use of Shotgun Metagenomics and Metabolomics to Evaluate the Impact of Glyphosate or Roundup MON 52276 on the Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolome of Sprague-Dawley Rats. | 2021 | DOI 10.1289/ehp6990 | PMID 33502259 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33502259/ | https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp6990 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7839352/

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 37-37; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Shikimic acid: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 5 October 2026) · lines 37–37

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Female Sprague–Dawley rats; 0.5, 50 and 175 mg/kg/day glyphosate-equivalent groups; 12/group. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**An upstream pool can rise when flux is blocked.** Mesnage 2021 compared pure glyphosate and Roundup MON52276 in female Sprague–Dawley rats for 90 days at 0.5, 50 and 175 mg/kg/day glyphosate-equivalent exposures, with 12 animals per group. Cecal shikimate and DHS accumulation supported pathway inhibition; abundance alone was less informative. The collection records study-level accumulation rather than asserting every dose had an identical significant effect. Overall alpha-diversity differences were not significant (p=0.09), while beta diversity differed. Selected low-abundance taxa changed, and formulation-specific differences remained. Serum shikimate was undetected with the employed method, whose sensitivity and protein interference limit a zero-exposure interpretation. [Use of Shotgun Metagenomics and Metabolomics to Evaluate the Impact of Glyphosate or Roundup MON 52276 on the Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolome of Sprague-Dawley Rats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33502259/)