White wheat bread reference meal

Where it participates (unsigned role)

1. The glucose response was depressed by 31.4% after the acetic acid plus bread meal with respect to the sodium acetate plus bread meal and the blank plus bread meal, and the authors concluded that a limited dose of vinegar as salad dressing significantly influences the glycaemic response by a mechanism related to acidity but not to gastric emptying.

   Native vinegar supplying free acetic acid → Postprandial blood glucose response source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"}

   experimental_model

   Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others

   exposure

   1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread

   limitations

   The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small.

   nutrient_topic

   Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   The acid form lowered blood glucose by about a third; the neutralised form did not.

   primary_references

   [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Whole body and stomach

   Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 82–93

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### acetate-acid-lowers-glucose The glucose response was depressed by 31.4% after the acetic acid plus bread meal with respect to the sodium acetate plus bread meal and the blank plus bread meal, and the authors concluded that a limited dose of vinegar as salad dressing significantly influences the glycaemic response by a mechanism related to acidity but not to gastric emptying. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The acid form lowered blood glucose by about a third; the neutralised form did not. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others limitations: The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small. exposure: 1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"} [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

   Complete structured claim and evidence

2. A significant dose-response relation was seen at 30 minutes for blood glucose and serum insulin, the higher the acetic acid level the lower the metabolic responses, though the glycaemic and insulinaemic index lowering was significant when calculated on the 90 minute incremental area and the corresponding 120 minute values did not differ from the reference meal.

   Acetic acid → Postprandial blood glucose response source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16015276.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2189, "text_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3"}

   experimental_model

   Randomised crossover in twelve healthy volunteers with three graded vinegar doses

   exposure

   Vinegar supplying 18, 23 or 28 mmol acetic acid with white wheat bread containing 50 g available carbohydrate

   limitations

   A dose-response design. The glycaemic and insulinaemic index lowering was significant on the 90 minute incremental area but not on the 120 minute area, so the effect is on the early part of the curve.

   nutrient_topic

   Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   More acid meant a smaller glucose and insulin rise, and the effect is on the first hour and a half rather than the whole curve.

   primary_references

   [acetate-p16015276] Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16015276/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602197

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Whole body

   Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 134–145

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised crossover in twelve healthy volunteers with three graded vinegar doses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### acetate-vinegar-dose-response A significant dose-response relation was seen at 30 minutes for blood glucose and serum insulin, the higher the acetic acid level the lower the metabolic responses, though the glycaemic and insulinaemic index lowering was significant when calculated on the 90 minute incremental area and the corresponding 120 minute values did not differ from the reference meal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: More acid meant a smaller glucose and insulin rise, and the effect is on the first hour and a half rather than the whole curve. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Randomised crossover in twelve healthy volunteers with three graded vinegar doses limitations: A dose-response design. The glycaemic and insulinaemic index lowering was significant on the 90 minute incremental area but not on the 120 minute area, so the effect is on the early part of the curve. exposure: Vinegar supplying 18, 23 or 28 mmol acetic acid with white wheat bread containing 50 g available carbohydrate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16015276.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2189, "text_sha256": "6ab7baf7d6544a409fc34e34b0a51ba924332938e1467dbbf8323789c3f7d6d3"} [acetate-p16015276] Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16015276/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602197

   Complete structured claim and evidence

3. The presence of acetic acid given as vinegar significantly reduced the postprandial glucose and insulin responses to a starchy meal, with a glycaemic index of 64 and an insulinaemic index of 65 against the white bread reference meal.

   Acetic acid → Postprandial blood glucose response source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/9630389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1289, "text_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780"}

   experimental_model

   Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker

   exposure

   Vinegar added to a white bread reference meal matched for starch, protein and fat

   limitations

   Paracetamol appearance is an indirect marker of emptying. The authors state the mechanism is probably delayed emptying, which the neutralised-vinegar study in this collection argues against.

   nutrient_topic

   Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   Vinegar with a starchy meal cut both the glucose and the insulin rise by about a third.

   primary_references

   [acetate-p9630389] Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9630389/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600572

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Whole body and stomach

   Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 108–119

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### acetate-vinegar-glycaemia The presence of acetic acid given as vinegar significantly reduced the postprandial glucose and insulin responses to a starchy meal, with a glycaemic index of 64 and an insulinaemic index of 65 against the white bread reference meal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Vinegar with a starchy meal cut both the glucose and the insulin rise by about a third. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised crossover in ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 51, with paracetamol as an emptying marker limitations: Paracetamol appearance is an indirect marker of emptying. The authors state the mechanism is probably delayed emptying, which the neutralised-vinegar study in this collection argues against. exposure: Vinegar added to a white bread reference meal matched for starch, protein and fat evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/9630389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1289, "text_sha256": "03f693ed6a9ae1c12e1d9cdb83a2d6001d8b128458092ca61ae33033da8af780"} [acetate-p9630389] Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9630389/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600572

   Complete structured claim and evidence