Component

Mouse beta-carotene oxygenase 2 / Bco2

Mouse beta-carotene oxygenase 2 / Bco2. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

5 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Bco2 deletion increased hepatic astaxanthin accumulation during eight weeks of 0.04% dietary astaxanthin in mice.

    Mouse beta-carotene oxygenase 2 / Bco2 → Mouse hepatic astaxanthin accumulation source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Male and female wild-type and Bco2-knockout mice.
    limitations
    The knockout does not establish the corresponding activity of human BCO2 or prove the identity of every cleavage product.
    nutrient_topic
    Astaxanthin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Astaxanthin
    plain_language
    Removing carotenoid-processing machinery changed tissue accumulation.
    primary_references
    Astaxanthin-Shifted Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Inflammation and Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32810865/ · DOI 10.1093/jn/nxaa222
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Astaxanthin: transport, membrane chemistry, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 86–92

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Male and female wild-type and Bco2-knockout mice. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## astaxanthin-bco2-loss Removing carotenoid-processing machinery changed tissue accumulation. Bco2 deletion increased hepatic astaxanthin accumulation during eight weeks of 0.04% dietary astaxanthin in mice. Model: Male and female wild-type and Bco2-knockout mice. Limitations: The knockout does not establish the corresponding activity of human BCO2 or prove the identity of every cleavage product. Evidence access: Primary abstract Astaxanthin-Shifted Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Inflammation and Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32810865/ · DOI 10.1093/jn/nxaa222
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Astaxanthin altered gut microbial composition in male and female mice, but reported glucose/inflammatory associations were observed in males; male knockout mice showed greater Akkermansia abundance than fed wild types.

    Astaxanthin → Mouse microbiota response to astaxanthin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Same wild-type/Bco2-knockout feeding experiment.
    limitations
    Correlated changes in microbes, GLP-1 and inflammation do not prove microbial mediation.
    nutrient_topic
    Astaxanthin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Astaxanthin
    plain_language
    Microbial and metabolic responses depended on sex and host genotype.
    primary_references
    Astaxanthin-Shifted Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Inflammation and Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32810865/ · DOI 10.1093/jn/nxaa222

    Astaxanthin: transport, membrane chemistry, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 94–100

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same wild-type/Bco2-knockout feeding experiment. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## astaxanthin-microbiota-sex Microbial and metabolic responses depended on sex and host genotype. Astaxanthin altered gut microbial composition in male and female mice, but reported glucose/inflammatory associations were observed in males; male knockout mice showed greater Akkermansia abundance than fed wild types. Model: Same wild-type/Bco2-knockout feeding experiment. Limitations: Correlated changes in microbes, GLP-1 and inflammation do not prove microbial mediation. Evidence access: Primary abstract Astaxanthin-Shifted Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Inflammation and Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32810865/ · DOI 10.1093/jn/nxaa222
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Bco1-null mice had lower liver lycopene than Bco2-null or double-knockout mice; comparison with wild type was not significant.

    Mouse Bco1 knockout → Mouse hepatic lycopene content source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"}
    experimental_model
    Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment
    exposure
    1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets
    limitations
    Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A.
    nutrient_topic
    Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    Removing a cleavage enzyme did not produce a simple universal accumulation rule.
    primary_references
    [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression

    Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 819–830

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### lycopene-mouse-bco1-loss Bco1-null mice had lower liver lycopene than Bco2-null or double-knockout mice; comparison with wild type was not significant. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing a cleavage enzyme did not produce a simple universal accumulation rule. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression experimental_model: Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment limitations: Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A. exposure: 1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"} [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Lycopene-containing diets increased intestinal ISX expression relative to the vitamin-A-deficient control group.

    Lycopene → Mouse intestine-specific homeobox protein / Isx source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"}
    experimental_model
    Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment
    exposure
    1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets
    limitations
    Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A.
    nutrient_topic
    Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    Carotenoid exposure intersected a vitamin-A-responsive regulatory system.
    primary_references
    [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression

    Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 845–856

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### lycopene-mouse-isx Lycopene-containing diets increased intestinal ISX expression relative to the vitamin-A-deficient control group. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Carotenoid exposure intersected a vitamin-A-responsive regulatory system. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression experimental_model: Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment limitations: Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A. exposure: 1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"} [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Lycopene was enriched three- to fivefold in hepatic mitochondria compared with total hepatic content across the tested genotypes.

    Lycopene → Mouse hepatic mitochondrial lycopene enrichment source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"}
    experimental_model
    Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment
    exposure
    1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets
    limitations
    Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A.
    nutrient_topic
    Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    Location inside the cell matters as well as the total amount.
    primary_references
    [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression

    Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 832–843

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### lycopene-mouse-mitochondria Lycopene was enriched three- to fivefold in hepatic mitochondria compared with total hepatic content across the tested genotypes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Location inside the cell matters as well as the total amount. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression experimental_model: Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment limitations: Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A. exposure: 1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"} [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards