Component

L-Malate

L-Malate

10 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Brain mitochondrial state 3 respiration fell with pyruvate/malate, 2-oxoglutarate or glutamate as substrates; state 4 respiration did not change.

    Thiamine (vitamin B1) → Mitochondrial ADP-stimulated respiration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_location
    Abstract
    evidence_span
    State 4 respiration did not change
    experimental_model
    Rats fed a low-thiamine diet with pyrithiamine; intact coupled brain mitochondria isolated and assayed with defined respiratory substrates.
    exposure
    Low-thiamine diet plus pyrithiamine in rats
    limitations
    Does not demonstrate that thiamine directly forms part of the respiratory chain or that all electron-transport activity fails.
    nutrient_topic
    Thiamine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
    organism
    Rattus norvegicus
    plain_language
    The mitochondrial deficit depended on both substrate and respiratory state.
    primary_references
    [parker-1984-brain-mitochondria] Brain mitochondrial metabolism in experimental thiamine deficiency (1984). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6493495/ DOI: 10.1212/wnl.34.11.1477
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Isolated brain mitochondria
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Thiamine: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1127–1139

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rats fed a low-thiamine diet with pyrithiamine; intact coupled brain mitochondria isolated and assayed with defined respiratory substrates. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### thiamine-def-brain-state3-respiration Brain mitochondrial state 3 respiration fell with pyruvate/malate, 2-oxoglutarate or glutamate as substrates; state 4 respiration did not change. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Thiamine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The mitochondrial deficit depended on both substrate and respiratory state. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Isolated brain mitochondria experimental_model: Rats fed a low-thiamine diet with pyrithiamine; intact coupled brain mitochondria isolated and assayed with defined respiratory substrates. limitations: Does not demonstrate that thiamine directly forms part of the respiratory chain or that all electron-transport activity fails. evidence_location: Abstract evidence_span: State 4 respiration did not change exposure: Low-thiamine diet plus pyrithiamine in rats [parker-1984-brain-mitochondria] Brain mitochondrial metabolism in experimental thiamine deficiency (1984). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6493495/ DOI: 10.1212/wnl.34.11.1477
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Repetitions did not improve with CM: 90.9 versus 94.0 on placebo, P=0.33.

    Citrulline-malate preparation, composition specified per study → Completed repetitions in protocol-specified resistance exercise source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/30097067.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f08d4e244a48b116a8a2a734514e0cf13d3953bcae33722f996121bab8efbb2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1678, "text_sha256": "8f08d4e244a48b116a8a2a734514e0cf13d3953bcae33722f996121bab8efbb2"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind counterbalanced exercise study and product analysis
    exposure
    8 g CM with measured citrulline:malate ratio 1.11:1
    limitations
    Exercise, participant mix and product composition differed from the 2010 study; the cause of discrepant soreness is unproven.
    nutrient_topic
    Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · L-Citrulline
    organism
    Human recreationally active men and women
    plain_language
    This protocol did not reproduce a performance gain.
    primary_references
    [citrulline-p30097067] Citrulline malate supplementation does not improve German Volume Training performance or reduce muscle soreness in moderately trained males and females. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30097067/ DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0245-8
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Isokinetic German Volume Training and 72-hour soreness

    Citrulline: arginine recycling, nitrogen disposal and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1152–1163

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind counterbalanced exercise study and product analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### citrulline-exercise-null Repetitions did not improve with CM: 90.9 versus 94.0 on placebo, P=0.33. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This protocol did not reproduce a performance gain. organism: Human recreationally active men and women tissue_or_cell_type: Isokinetic German Volume Training and 72-hour soreness experimental_model: Randomized double-blind counterbalanced exercise study and product analysis limitations: Exercise, participant mix and product composition differed from the 2010 study; the cause of discrepant soreness is unproven. exposure: 8 g CM with measured citrulline:malate ratio 1.11:1 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/30097067.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f08d4e244a48b116a8a2a734514e0cf13d3953bcae33722f996121bab8efbb2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1678, "text_sha256": "8f08d4e244a48b116a8a2a734514e0cf13d3953bcae33722f996121bab8efbb2"} [citrulline-p30097067] Citrulline malate supplementation does not improve German Volume Training performance or reduce muscle soreness in moderately trained males and females. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30097067/ DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0245-8
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. CM increased repetitions in later bench-press sets; the reported final-set relative gain was 52.92%.

    Citrulline-malate preparation, composition specified per study → Completed repetitions in protocol-specified resistance exercise source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/20386132.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1637, "text_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind crossover exercise trial
    exposure
    8 g citrulline malate before a high-volume pectoral session
    limitations
    CM is not pure L-citrulline; last-set relative change is not a whole-workout gain; perceived soreness is subjective.
    nutrient_topic
    Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · L-Citrulline
    organism
    Human, 41 men
    plain_language
    This result belongs to a demanding repeated-set protocol.
    primary_references
    [citrulline-p20386132] Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20386132/ DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cb28e0
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Bench-press repetitions and self-reported soreness

    Citrulline: arginine recycling, nitrogen disposal and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1113–1124

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind crossover exercise trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### citrulline-exercise-positive CM increased repetitions in later bench-press sets; the reported final-set relative gain was 52.92%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This result belongs to a demanding repeated-set protocol. organism: Human, 41 men tissue_or_cell_type: Bench-press repetitions and self-reported soreness experimental_model: Randomized double-blind crossover exercise trial limitations: CM is not pure L-citrulline; last-set relative change is not a whole-workout gain; perceived soreness is subjective. exposure: 8 g citrulline malate before a high-volume pectoral session evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/20386132.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1637, "text_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847"} [citrulline-p20386132] Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20386132/ DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cb28e0
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Neither pure citrulline nor matched-citrulline-dose CM improved repetitions or other strength-endurance measures.

    Citrulline-malate preparation, composition specified per study → Completed repetitions in protocol-specified resistance exercise source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/39662304.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3f26c60b31d2021fb82143a4780ab4437e58c18d1c482a0880fdc4321f224092", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1816, "text_sha256": "3f26c60b31d2021fb82143a4780ab4437e58c18d1c482a0880fdc4321f224092"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial
    exposure
    5.3 g L-citrulline; or 5.3 g citrulline plus 2.7 g malate; or placebo 45 minutes pre-exercise
    limitations
    Acute low-to-moderate-volume protocol; not a universal finding for all doses, workouts or chronic use.
    nutrient_topic
    Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · L-Citrulline
    organism
    Human, 43 trained adults including 21 women
    plain_language
    Adding malate did not demonstrate an extra benefit in this trial.
    primary_references
    [citrulline-p39662304] Malate or Not? Acute Effects of L-Citrulline Versus Citrulline Malate on Neuromuscular Performance in Young, Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39662304/ DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0006
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Neuromuscular, ballistic and strength-endurance tests

    Citrulline: arginine recycling, nitrogen disposal and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1191–1202

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### citrulline-matched-malate-null Neither pure citrulline nor matched-citrulline-dose CM improved repetitions or other strength-endurance measures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding malate did not demonstrate an extra benefit in this trial. organism: Human, 43 trained adults including 21 women tissue_or_cell_type: Neuromuscular, ballistic and strength-endurance tests experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial limitations: Acute low-to-moderate-volume protocol; not a universal finding for all doses, workouts or chronic use. exposure: 5.3 g L-citrulline; or 5.3 g citrulline plus 2.7 g malate; or placebo 45 minutes pre-exercise evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/39662304.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3f26c60b31d2021fb82143a4780ab4437e58c18d1c482a0880fdc4321f224092", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1816, "text_sha256": "3f26c60b31d2021fb82143a4780ab4437e58c18d1c482a0880fdc4321f224092"} [citrulline-p39662304] Malate or Not? Acute Effects of L-Citrulline Versus Citrulline Malate on Neuromuscular Performance in Young, Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39662304/ DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0006
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Matched-dose L-citrulline did not improve maximal neuromuscular or ballistic performance versus placebo.

    L-Citrulline → Protocol-specified maximal neuromuscular performance source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/39662304.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3f26c60b31d2021fb82143a4780ab4437e58c18d1c482a0880fdc4321f224092", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1816, "text_sha256": "3f26c60b31d2021fb82143a4780ab4437e58c18d1c482a0880fdc4321f224092"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial
    exposure
    5.3 g L-citrulline; or 5.3 g citrulline plus 2.7 g malate; or placebo 45 minutes pre-exercise
    limitations
    Acute low-to-moderate-volume protocol; not a universal finding for all doses, workouts or chronic use.
    nutrient_topic
    Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · L-Citrulline
    organism
    Human, 43 trained adults including 21 women
    plain_language
    The pure amino acid did not produce a measurable advantage here.
    primary_references
    [citrulline-p39662304] Malate or Not? Acute Effects of L-Citrulline Versus Citrulline Malate on Neuromuscular Performance in Young, Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39662304/ DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0006
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Neuromuscular, ballistic and strength-endurance tests

    Citrulline: arginine recycling, nitrogen disposal and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1178–1189

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### citrulline-matched-pure-null Matched-dose L-citrulline did not improve maximal neuromuscular or ballistic performance versus placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pure amino acid did not produce a measurable advantage here. organism: Human, 43 trained adults including 21 women tissue_or_cell_type: Neuromuscular, ballistic and strength-endurance tests experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial limitations: Acute low-to-moderate-volume protocol; not a universal finding for all doses, workouts or chronic use. exposure: 5.3 g L-citrulline; or 5.3 g citrulline plus 2.7 g malate; or placebo 45 minutes pre-exercise evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/39662304.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3f26c60b31d2021fb82143a4780ab4437e58c18d1c482a0880fdc4321f224092", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1816, "text_sha256": "3f26c60b31d2021fb82143a4780ab4437e58c18d1c482a0880fdc4321f224092"} [citrulline-p39662304] Malate or Not? Acute Effects of L-Citrulline Versus Citrulline Malate on Neuromuscular Performance in Young, Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39662304/ DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0006
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. The trial reported approximately 40% lower soreness at 24 and 48 hours with CM.

    Citrulline-malate preparation, composition specified per study → Protocol-specified postexercise muscle soreness source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/20386132.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1637, "text_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind crossover exercise trial
    exposure
    8 g citrulline malate before a high-volume pectoral session
    limitations
    CM is not pure L-citrulline; last-set relative change is not a whole-workout gain; perceived soreness is subjective.
    nutrient_topic
    Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · L-Citrulline
    organism
    Human, 41 men
    plain_language
    Participants reported less soreness after this protocol.
    primary_references
    [citrulline-p20386132] Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20386132/ DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cb28e0
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Bench-press repetitions and self-reported soreness

    Citrulline: arginine recycling, nitrogen disposal and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1126–1137

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind crossover exercise trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### citrulline-soreness-decreased The trial reported approximately 40% lower soreness at 24 and 48 hours with CM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Participants reported less soreness after this protocol. organism: Human, 41 men tissue_or_cell_type: Bench-press repetitions and self-reported soreness experimental_model: Randomized double-blind crossover exercise trial limitations: CM is not pure L-citrulline; last-set relative change is not a whole-workout gain; perceived soreness is subjective. exposure: 8 g citrulline malate before a high-volume pectoral session evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/20386132.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1637, "text_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847"} [citrulline-p20386132] Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20386132/ DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cb28e0
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. Total soreness over 72 hours was higher after CM than placebo, P=0.01, without a greater workload.

    Citrulline-malate preparation, composition specified per study → Protocol-specified postexercise muscle soreness source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/30097067.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f08d4e244a48b116a8a2a734514e0cf13d3953bcae33722f996121bab8efbb2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1678, "text_sha256": "8f08d4e244a48b116a8a2a734514e0cf13d3953bcae33722f996121bab8efbb2"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind counterbalanced exercise study and product analysis
    exposure
    8 g CM with measured citrulline:malate ratio 1.11:1
    limitations
    Exercise, participant mix and product composition differed from the 2010 study; the cause of discrepant soreness is unproven.
    nutrient_topic
    Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · L-Citrulline
    organism
    Human recreationally active men and women
    plain_language
    This study reported more soreness, the opposite of the earlier soreness result.
    primary_references
    [citrulline-p30097067] Citrulline malate supplementation does not improve German Volume Training performance or reduce muscle soreness in moderately trained males and females. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30097067/ DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0245-8
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Isokinetic German Volume Training and 72-hour soreness

    Citrulline: arginine recycling, nitrogen disposal and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1165–1176

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind counterbalanced exercise study and product analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### citrulline-soreness-increased Total soreness over 72 hours was higher after CM than placebo, P=0.01, without a greater workload. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This study reported more soreness, the opposite of the earlier soreness result. organism: Human recreationally active men and women tissue_or_cell_type: Isokinetic German Volume Training and 72-hour soreness experimental_model: Randomized double-blind counterbalanced exercise study and product analysis limitations: Exercise, participant mix and product composition differed from the 2010 study; the cause of discrepant soreness is unproven. exposure: 8 g CM with measured citrulline:malate ratio 1.11:1 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/30097067.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f08d4e244a48b116a8a2a734514e0cf13d3953bcae33722f996121bab8efbb2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1678, "text_sha256": "8f08d4e244a48b116a8a2a734514e0cf13d3953bcae33722f996121bab8efbb2"} [citrulline-p30097067] Citrulline malate supplementation does not improve German Volume Training performance or reduce muscle soreness in moderately trained males and females. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30097067/ DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0245-8
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. Stomach discomfort was reported by 14.63% of participants with CM.

    Citrulline-malate preparation, composition specified per study → Gastrointestinal discomfort during supplementation trial source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/20386132.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1637, "text_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized double-blind crossover exercise trial
    exposure
    8 g citrulline malate before a high-volume pectoral session
    limitations
    CM is not pure L-citrulline; last-set relative change is not a whole-workout gain; perceived soreness is subjective.
    nutrient_topic
    Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · L-Citrulline
    organism
    Human, 41 men
    plain_language
    The study preparation was not symptom-free for everyone.
    primary_references
    [citrulline-p20386132] Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20386132/ DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cb28e0
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Bench-press repetitions and self-reported soreness

    Citrulline: arginine recycling, nitrogen disposal and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1139–1150

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind crossover exercise trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### citrulline-stomach-discomfort Stomach discomfort was reported by 14.63% of participants with CM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Citrulline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study preparation was not symptom-free for everyone. organism: Human, 41 men tissue_or_cell_type: Bench-press repetitions and self-reported soreness experimental_model: Randomized double-blind crossover exercise trial limitations: CM is not pure L-citrulline; last-set relative change is not a whole-workout gain; perceived soreness is subjective. exposure: 8 g citrulline malate before a high-volume pectoral session evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/citrulline-research/20386132.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1637, "text_sha256": "a095891368caeebaa857f5dcf2651e1498924f2006969255d252c1d8caa91847"} [citrulline-p20386132] Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20386132/ DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cb28e0
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  9. Oxoglutarate-carrier silencing similarly increased small lipid droplets and impaired norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in mouse brown adipocytes.

    Mouse mitochondrial oxoglutarate carrier / Slc25a11 → Norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis in mouse brown adipocytes source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Mouse primary brown adipocytes; adenoviral shRNA with metabolic assays.
    limitations
    Shared pathway dependence does not make the two carriers interchangeable.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Aspartate collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Aspartate
    plain_language
    A second carrier in the same shuttle also affected lipid mobilization.
    primary_references
    The malate-aspartate shuttle supports thermogenic lipid mobilization in brown adipocytes. · 2026 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41704162/ · DOI 10.1111/febs.70461
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    L-Aspartate: redox transfer, nitrogen partitioning and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 338–344

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse primary brown adipocytes; adenoviral shRNA with metabolic assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## l-aspartate-brown-ogc-lipids A second carrier in the same shuttle also affected lipid mobilization. Oxoglutarate-carrier silencing similarly increased small lipid droplets and impaired norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in mouse brown adipocytes. Model: Mouse primary brown adipocytes; adenoviral shRNA with metabolic assays. Limitations: Shared pathway dependence does not make the two carriers interchangeable. Evidence access: Primary full text The malate-aspartate shuttle supports thermogenic lipid mobilization in brown adipocytes. · 2026 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41704162/ · DOI 10.1111/febs.70461
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  10. Isolated mouse brown-fat mitochondria reconstituted with cytosolic shuttle enzymes oxidized extramitochondrial NADH in a glutamate-dependent manner.

    L-Glutamate → Extramitochondrial NADH oxidation in a mouse brown-fat shuttle assay source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Mouse C57BL/6J brown-fat mitochondria and reconstituted enzyme system.
    limitations
    An isolated-organelle assay does not prove that oral aspartate increases thermogenesis.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Aspartate collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Aspartate
    plain_language
    The transport cycle linked a cytosolic redox pool to mitochondrial machinery.
    primary_references
    The malate-aspartate shuttle supports thermogenic lipid mobilization in brown adipocytes. · 2026 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41704162/ · DOI 10.1111/febs.70461

    L-Aspartate: redox transfer, nitrogen partitioning and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 322–328

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse C57BL/6J brown-fat mitochondria and reconstituted enzyme system. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## l-aspartate-brown-shuttle-redox The transport cycle linked a cytosolic redox pool to mitochondrial machinery. Isolated mouse brown-fat mitochondria reconstituted with cytosolic shuttle enzymes oxidized extramitochondrial NADH in a glutamate-dependent manner. Model: Mouse C57BL/6J brown-fat mitochondria and reconstituted enzyme system. Limitations: An isolated-organelle assay does not prove that oral aspartate increases thermogenesis. Evidence access: Primary full text The malate-aspartate shuttle supports thermogenic lipid mobilization in brown adipocytes. · 2026 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41704162/ · DOI 10.1111/febs.70461
    Complete structured claim and evidence

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