Component

Lithium carbonate

Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.

8 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. A 71-person ten-week AD trial found no treatment effect on CSF biomarkers or lymphocyte GSK3 activity.

    Lithium carbonate → Human AD trial CSF tau and lymphocyte GSK3 outcomes source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Mild AD; six-week titration; serum target 0.5–0.8 mmol/L.
    limitations
    Short duration and different disease stage; neither proves lifelong efficacy nor rules out every regimen.
    nutrient_topic
    Lithium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Lithium
    plain_language
    A cell mechanism did not translate into measured target effects in this trial.
    primary_references
    Lithium trial in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter 10-week study. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19573486/

    Lithium: metal-sensitive enzymes, transport and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 552–558

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mild AD; six-week titration; serum target 0.5–0.8 mmol/L. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## lithium-ad-short-null A cell mechanism did not translate into measured target effects in this trial. A 71-person ten-week AD trial found no treatment effect on CSF biomarkers or lymphocyte GSK3 activity. Model: Mild AD; six-week titration; serum target 0.5–0.8 mmol/L. Limitations: Short duration and different disease stage; neither proves lifelong efficacy nor rules out every regimen. Evidence access: Primary abstract Lithium trial in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter 10-week study. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19573486/
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Lithium monotherapy had fewer new mood-episode interventions than valproate in BALANCE; adding valproate was not clearly superior to lithium alone.

    Lithium carbonate → New mood-episode intervention in the BALANCE trial source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    330 randomized bipolar-I patients; open-label treatment with masked event review; up to two years.
    limitations
    Combination run-in and open-label design matter; the trial does not identify a single molecular mediator.
    nutrient_topic
    Lithium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Lithium
    plain_language
    Clinical mood efficacy has its own evidence, separate from dementia hypotheses.
    primary_references
    Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus monotherapy for relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder (BALANCE): a randomised open-label trial. · 2010 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20092882/ · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61828-6

    Lithium: metal-sensitive enzymes, transport and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 560–566

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · 330 randomized bipolar-I patients; open-label treatment with masked event review; up to two years. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## lithium-bipolar-relapse Clinical mood efficacy has its own evidence, separate from dementia hypotheses. Lithium monotherapy had fewer new mood-episode interventions than valproate in BALANCE; adding valproate was not clearly superior to lithium alone. Model: 330 randomized bipolar-I patients; open-label treatment with masked event review; up to two years. Limitations: Combination run-in and open-label design matter; the trial does not identify a single molecular mediator. Evidence access: Primary abstract Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus monotherapy for relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder (BALANCE): a randomised open-label trial. · 2010 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20092882/ · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61828-6
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Completers in the 2026 trial had mean serum lithium 0.17 mEq/L, with substantial variability.

    Lithium carbonate → Human serum lithium concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Mean daily carbonate dose 195 mg; serum SD 0.13 mEq/L among completers.
    limitations
    Completer exposure is not the whole randomized population or a recommended target.
    nutrient_topic
    Lithium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Lithium
    plain_language
    The actual exposure matters when comparing trials.
    primary_references
    Low-Dose Lithium for Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. · 2026 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41770546/ · DOI 10.1001/jamaneurol.2026.0072
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Lithium: metal-sensitive enzymes, transport and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 544–550

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mean daily carbonate dose 195 mg; serum SD 0.13 mEq/L among completers. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## lithium-mci-2026-exposure The actual exposure matters when comparing trials. Completers in the 2026 trial had mean serum lithium 0.17 mEq/L, with substantial variability. Model: Mean daily carbonate dose 195 mg; serum SD 0.13 mEq/L among completers. Limitations: Completer exposure is not the whole randomized population or a recommended target. Evidence access: Primary full text Low-Dose Lithium for Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. · 2026 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41770546/ · DOI 10.1001/jamaneurol.2026.0072
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. None of six coprimary outcomes met the prespecified significance threshold in the 2026 low-dose lithium trial.

    Lithium carbonate → Human MCI cognitive/functional outcomes during lithium trials source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    NCT03185208; 83 randomized, 80 started; two years; prespecified P<.01.
    limitations
    Verbal-recall difference P=.05 and exploratory amyloid subgroups are not positive primary results.
    nutrient_topic
    Lithium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Lithium
    plain_language
    The newer pilot did not confirm its primary efficacy hypotheses.
    primary_references
    Low-Dose Lithium for Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. · 2026 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41770546/ · DOI 10.1001/jamaneurol.2026.0072

    Lithium: metal-sensitive enzymes, transport and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 536–542

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · NCT03185208; 83 randomized, 80 started; two years; prespecified P<.01. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## lithium-mci-2026-primary-null The newer pilot did not confirm its primary efficacy hypotheses. None of six coprimary outcomes met the prespecified significance threshold in the 2026 low-dose lithium trial. Model: NCT03185208; 83 randomized, 80 started; two years; prespecified P<.01. Limitations: Verbal-recall difference P=.05 and exploratory amyloid subgroups are not positive primary results. Evidence access: Primary full text Low-Dose Lithium for Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. · 2026 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41770546/ · DOI 10.1001/jamaneurol.2026.0072
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. A 61-person trial reported cognitive/functional stability with lithium versus decline with placebo over two years.

    Lithium carbonate → Human MCI cognitive/functional outcomes during lithium trials source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Amnestic MCI; lithium carbonate target 0.25–0.5 mEq/L; NCT01055392.
    limitations
    Single trial; population, exposure, endpoints and follow-up differ from later studies.
    nutrient_topic
    Lithium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Lithium
    plain_language
    One small human trial reported a favorable result.
    primary_references
    Clinical and biological effects of long-term lithium treatment in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: randomised clinical trial. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30947755/ · DOI 10.1192/bjp.2019.76

    Lithium: metal-sensitive enzymes, transport and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 528–534

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Amnestic MCI; lithium carbonate target 0.25–0.5 mEq/L; NCT01055392. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## lithium-mci-positive One small human trial reported a favorable result. A 61-person trial reported cognitive/functional stability with lithium versus decline with placebo over two years. Model: Amnestic MCI; lithium carbonate target 0.25–0.5 mEq/L; NCT01055392. Limitations: Single trial; population, exposure, endpoints and follow-up differ from later studies. Evidence access: Primary abstract Clinical and biological effects of long-term lithium treatment in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: randomised clinical trial. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30947755/ · DOI 10.1192/bjp.2019.76
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Potassium excretion increased after 600 mg lithium carbonate but not after 300 mg in the volunteer study.

    Lithium carbonate → Human urinary potassium excretion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    15 healthy adults; about 19 mmol extra potassium over 24 hours at the higher dose.
    limitations
    Not evidence that every lithium user develops potassium depletion.
    nutrient_topic
    Lithium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Lithium
    plain_language
    The potassium response depended on exposure.
    primary_references
    Effect of a single test dose of lithium carbonate on sodium and potassium excretion in man. · 1991 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1649725/ · DOI 10.1042/cs0810059

    Lithium: metal-sensitive enzymes, transport and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 360–366

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · 15 healthy adults; about 19 mmol extra potassium over 24 hours at the higher dose. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## lithium-potassium-excretion The potassium response depended on exposure. Potassium excretion increased after 600 mg lithium carbonate but not after 300 mg in the volunteer study. Model: 15 healthy adults; about 19 mmol extra potassium over 24 hours at the higher dose. Limitations: Not evidence that every lithium user develops potassium depletion. Evidence access: Primary abstract Effect of a single test dose of lithium carbonate on sodium and potassium excretion in man. · 1991 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1649725/ · DOI 10.1042/cs0810059
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. Single 300- and 600-mg lithium-carbonate doses increased 24-hour sodium excretion by about 17 and 48 mmol, respectively.

    Lithium carbonate → Human urinary sodium excretion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    15 healthy volunteers; randomized blinded crossover and fixed sodium/potassium intake.
    limitations
    Salt doses describe the experiment, not dosing advice; a test dose can perturb a clearance measurement.
    nutrient_topic
    Lithium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Lithium
    plain_language
    Lithium exposure can change sodium balance.
    primary_references
    Effect of a single test dose of lithium carbonate on sodium and potassium excretion in man. · 1991 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1649725/ · DOI 10.1042/cs0810059

    Lithium: metal-sensitive enzymes, transport and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 352–358

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · 15 healthy volunteers; randomized blinded crossover and fixed sodium/potassium intake. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## lithium-sodium-excretion Lithium exposure can change sodium balance. Single 300- and 600-mg lithium-carbonate doses increased 24-hour sodium excretion by about 17 and 48 mmol, respectively. Model: 15 healthy volunteers; randomized blinded crossover and fixed sodium/potassium intake. Limitations: Salt doses describe the experiment, not dosing advice; a test dose can perturb a clearance measurement. Evidence access: Primary abstract Effect of a single test dose of lithium carbonate on sodium and potassium excretion in man. · 1991 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1649725/ · DOI 10.1042/cs0810059
    Complete structured claim and evidence

What acts on it

  1. Lithium orotate showed lower amyloid binding than carbonate in the study’s equilibrium-dialysis assays.

    Lithium orotate → Lithium carbonate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Synthetic human Aβ42 oligomers/fibrils and controlled salt solutions.
    limitations
    Does not establish superior human brain delivery or product safety.
    nutrient_topic
    Lithium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Lithium
    plain_language
    The salt preparation changed measured binding.
    primary_references
    Lithium deficiency and the onset of Alzheimer's disease. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40770094/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09335-x

    Lithium: metal-sensitive enzymes, transport and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 504–510

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Synthetic human Aβ42 oligomers/fibrils and controlled salt solutions. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## lithium-orotate-binding The salt preparation changed measured binding. Lithium orotate showed lower amyloid binding than carbonate in the study’s equilibrium-dialysis assays. Model: Synthetic human Aβ42 oligomers/fibrils and controlled salt solutions. Limitations: Does not establish superior human brain delivery or product safety. Evidence access: Primary full text Lithium deficiency and the onset of Alzheimer's disease. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40770094/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09335-x
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

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