Postprandial glucose incremental area under the curve

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Systematic review and meta-analysis of 103 acute crossover trial comparisons in 538 participants

exposure

Oat beta-glucan concentrate or oat bran added to carbohydrate-containing test meals against carbohydrate-matched controls

limitations

Acute meal responses with high certainty of evidence by GRADE. The magnitude depends on dose, molecular weight and which control meal is used, so a pooled percentage is not a prediction for any particular food.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

Adding it to a meal takes about a quarter off the glucose rise, but only if the polymer is long enough.

primary_references

[bg-p33608654] The effect of oat β-glucan on postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33608654/ DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00875-9

tissue_or_cell_type

Postprandial glucose and insulin

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 567–578

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Systematic review and meta-analysis of 103 acute crossover trial comparisons in 538 participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-acute-glycaemic-response-falls Oat beta-glucan reduced glucose incremental area under the curve and incremental peak rise by 23% and 28% and insulin by 22% and 24% respectively, dose, molecular weight and comparator were significant effect modifiers of glucose incremental area under the curve and peak, significant linear dose-response relationships were observed for all outcomes, oat beta-glucan molecular weight above 300 kg/mol significantly reduced glucose measures whereas molecular weight below 300 kg/mol did not, outcomes were similar in participants with and without diabetes, and all outcomes had high certainty of evidence. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: Adding it to a meal takes about a quarter off the glucose rise, but only if the polymer is long enough. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Postprandial glucose and insulin experimental_model: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 103 acute crossover trial comparisons in 538 participants limitations: Acute meal responses with high certainty of evidence by GRADE. The magnitude depends on dose, molecular weight and which control meal is used, so a pooled percentage is not a prediction for any particular food. exposure: Oat beta-glucan concentrate or oat bran added to carbohydrate-containing test meals against carbohydrate-matched controls evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/33608654.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "676672cfbc790125f3f39b9afbaa9211422f6ba82c3dc394c816268de96002c7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1872, "text_sha256": "676672cfbc790125f3f39b9afbaa9211422f6ba82c3dc394c816268de96002c7"} [bg-p33608654] The effect of oat β-glucan on postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33608654/ DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00875-9

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/40980638.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed76af02ac95b48fc5e1dd7e51a6ba51f54b5ba01a7daa7a01ce57bdd9d68bad", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1864, "text_sha256": "ed76af02ac95b48fc5e1dd7e51a6ba51f54b5ba01a7daa7a01ce57bdd9d68bad"}

experimental_model

European Food Safety Authority assessment of a proposal to halve the dose condition on an existing claim

exposure

Beta-glucans from oat or barley at doses between 2 and less than 4 grams per 30 grams of available carbohydrates

limitations

An assessment of a proposed change to a condition of use, based on 21 studies with 59 trial comparisons plus four published dose-response analyses. A negative conclusion about a proposed lower dose is not a finding that lower doses never act.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

Asked to halve the amount required, the regulator looked at the trials and said the evidence did not hold at that dose.

primary_references

[bg-p40980638] Beta-glucans from oats or barley and reduction of postprandial glycaemic responses: Modification of an authorised health claim pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 following a request in accordance with Article 19 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40980638/ DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9630

tissue_or_cell_type

Postprandial circulation

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 619–630

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · European Food Safety Authority assessment of a proposal to halve the dose condition on an existing claim · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-the-lower-dose-was-refused The applicant proposed a reduction of the lowest effective dose from 4 grams to 2 grams of beta-glucans per 30 grams of available carbohydrates and submitted 21 pertinent published human intervention studies with 59 trial comparisons plus four published systematic reviews and dose-response meta-regression analyses, and in weighing the evidence the Panel considered that the human intervention studies did not consistently show a significant effect of beta-glucans from oats or barley on postprandial glucose incremental area under the curve at doses between 2 and less than 4 grams per 30 grams of available carbohydrates, concluding that a consistent effect has not been demonstrated under the conditions of use proposed. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: Asked to halve the amount required, the regulator looked at the trials and said the evidence did not hold at that dose. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Postprandial circulation experimental_model: European Food Safety Authority assessment of a proposal to halve the dose condition on an existing claim limitations: An assessment of a proposed change to a condition of use, based on 21 studies with 59 trial comparisons plus four published dose-response analyses. A negative conclusion about a proposed lower dose is not a finding that lower doses never act. exposure: Beta-glucans from oat or barley at doses between 2 and less than 4 grams per 30 grams of available carbohydrates evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/40980638.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed76af02ac95b48fc5e1dd7e51a6ba51f54b5ba01a7daa7a01ce57bdd9d68bad", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1864, "text_sha256": "ed76af02ac95b48fc5e1dd7e51a6ba51f54b5ba01a7daa7a01ce57bdd9d68bad"} [bg-p40980638] Beta-glucans from oats or barley and reduction of postprandial glycaemic responses: Modification of an authorised health claim pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 following a request in accordance with Article 19 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40980638/ DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9630

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/41726114.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "22ad4a8c479116e3d7130ddcda6f561239dc9b2048d52e29279e48bac6799a3e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1617, "text_sha256": "22ad4a8c479116e3d7130ddcda6f561239dc9b2048d52e29279e48bac6799a3e"}

experimental_model

European Food Safety Authority assessment of 16 human intervention studies for a new health claim

exposure

Oat beta-glucans consumed as part of foods or meals rich in available carbohydrates

limitations

A regulatory opinion that weighs an evidence base and sets conditions of use. Authorisation is a separate legal step, and the claim applies only under the stated conditions.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

A regulator accepted the effect on the glucose peak, and attached an exact amount and an exact kind of meal to it.

primary_references

[bg-p41726114] Oat beta-glucans and reduction of postprandial glucose peak: Evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41726114/ DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.9942

tissue_or_cell_type

Postprandial circulation

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 606–617

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · European Food Safety Authority assessment of 16 human intervention studies for a new health claim · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-a-claim-with-conditions Most of the 16 human intervention studies considered pertinent for the scientific substantiation of the claim showed that oat beta-glucans reduce postprandial blood glucose peaks when consumed as part of foods or meals rich in available carbohydrates, the Panel also took into account that oat beta-glucans did not increase postprandial glycaemic or insulinaemic responses and that the mechanism by which consumption could exert the claimed effect is well established, and the Panel concludes that a cause-and-effect relationship has been established, with foods or meals required to contain at least 30 grams of available carbohydrates per portion and at least 3 grams of beta-glucans from oats for each 30 grams of available carbohydrates in order to bear the claim. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: A regulator accepted the effect on the glucose peak, and attached an exact amount and an exact kind of meal to it. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Postprandial circulation experimental_model: European Food Safety Authority assessment of 16 human intervention studies for a new health claim limitations: A regulatory opinion that weighs an evidence base and sets conditions of use. Authorisation is a separate legal step, and the claim applies only under the stated conditions. exposure: Oat beta-glucans consumed as part of foods or meals rich in available carbohydrates evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/41726114.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "22ad4a8c479116e3d7130ddcda6f561239dc9b2048d52e29279e48bac6799a3e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1617, "text_sha256": "22ad4a8c479116e3d7130ddcda6f561239dc9b2048d52e29279e48bac6799a3e"} [bg-p41726114] Oat beta-glucans and reduction of postprandial glucose peak: Evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41726114/ DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.9942

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/35578615.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "df79afd1ef3d79ffee2a9da5f5f7e487f296cca7e9ccfcda177266b08efed747", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2197, "text_sha256": "df79afd1ef3d79ffee2a9da5f5f7e487f296cca7e9ccfcda177266b08efed747"}

experimental_model

Fixed-sequence crossover intervention with three granolas over three days each

exposure

Granola containing low, medium or high cereal beta-glucan, given in that order

limitations

Fourteen completers, a fixed sequence rather than randomised order, and granolas that differed in other constituents including inulin. Short-chain fatty acids were measured in blood while faecal samples were used for the microbiota.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

Three days of a cereal glucan raised two of the three main fermentation acids in the blood.

primary_references

[bg-p35578615] A Three-Day Intervention With Granola Containing Cereal Beta-Glucan Improves Glycemic Response and Changes the Gut Microbiota in Healthy Individuals: A Crossover Study. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35578615/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.796362

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood and faecal microbiota

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 645–656

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fixed-sequence crossover intervention with three granolas over three days each · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-circulating-scfa-rise-with-granola A three-day intervention with granola containing cereal beta-glucan improved the glycemic response and changed the gut microbiota, with circulating acetate and butyrate increasing while propionate did not, in a study in which participants consumed granolas of differing beta-glucan content in fixed sequence and in which the granolas also differed in other constituents. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: Three days of a cereal glucan raised two of the three main fermentation acids in the blood. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood and faecal microbiota experimental_model: Fixed-sequence crossover intervention with three granolas over three days each limitations: Fourteen completers, a fixed sequence rather than randomised order, and granolas that differed in other constituents including inulin. Short-chain fatty acids were measured in blood while faecal samples were used for the microbiota. exposure: Granola containing low, medium or high cereal beta-glucan, given in that order evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/35578615.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "df79afd1ef3d79ffee2a9da5f5f7e487f296cca7e9ccfcda177266b08efed747", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2197, "text_sha256": "df79afd1ef3d79ffee2a9da5f5f7e487f296cca7e9ccfcda177266b08efed747"} [bg-p35578615] A Three-Day Intervention With Granola Containing Cereal Beta-Glucan Improves Glycemic Response and Changes the Gut Microbiota in Healthy Individuals: A Crossover Study. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35578615/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.796362

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Randomised double-blind crossover trial in 33 normal-weight subjects with an unrestricted test meal

exposure

A breakfast containing 4 grams of high molecular weight oat beta-glucan against a control breakfast

limitations

An acute crossover in normal-weight subjects. Fullness and satiety rose without any change in what was actually eaten afterwards.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

People felt fuller and ate the same amount, and the gut hormone usually credited for fullness went down, not up.

primary_references

[bg-p29920323] Effects of oat β-glucan consumption at breakfast on ad libitum eating, appetite, glycemia, insulinemia and GLP-1 concentrations in healthy subjects. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29920323/ DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.019

tissue_or_cell_type

Postprandial circulation and appetite

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 593–604

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised double-blind crossover trial in 33 normal-weight subjects with an unrestricted test meal · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-satiety-rises-but-glp1-falls Oat beta-glucan increased feelings of fullness and satiety but did not affect energy and amount eaten at the ad libitum test meal, and there was a treatment by time interaction for plasma GLP-1, plasma insulin and blood glucose, with GLP-1 significantly reduced at 90 minutes, blood glucose at 30 minutes and plasma insulin at 30 and 60 minutes following the oat beta-glucan breakfast compared with the control breakfast, so four grams of high molecular weight oat beta-glucan lowers appetite but not ad libitum eating and beneficially modulates postprandial glycaemia, it does however not increase plasma GLP-1 secretion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: People felt fuller and ate the same amount, and the gut hormone usually credited for fullness went down, not up. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Postprandial circulation and appetite experimental_model: Randomised double-blind crossover trial in 33 normal-weight subjects with an unrestricted test meal limitations: An acute crossover in normal-weight subjects. Fullness and satiety rose without any change in what was actually eaten afterwards. exposure: A breakfast containing 4 grams of high molecular weight oat beta-glucan against a control breakfast evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/29920323.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8038ec81d42b26e4b4892cd24cd0ce26597ba28ef57296a90062428f6ecbceb4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1413, "text_sha256": "8038ec81d42b26e4b4892cd24cd0ce26597ba28ef57296a90062428f6ecbceb4"} [bg-p29920323] Effects of oat β-glucan consumption at breakfast on ad libitum eating, appetite, glycemia, insulinemia and GLP-1 concentrations in healthy subjects. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29920323/ DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.019

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Double-blind randomised crossover trial in 28 participants with gastric emptying, appetite hormones and an unrestricted test lunch

exposure

Breakfast meals matched for weight, energy and macronutrients containing 2 or 4 grams of oat beta-glucan, or 4 grams treated with beta-glucanase to reduce molecular weight and viscosity

limitations

The beta-glucanase arm is the control that isolates viscosity. The trial was designed around food intake as the primary endpoint and found no effect on it.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

The intact polymer held the meal in the stomach nearly three times longer; the same dose chopped up did nothing.

primary_references

[bg-p31828287] Increasing oat β-glucan viscosity in a breakfast meal slows gastric emptying and reduces glycemic and insulinemic responses but has no effect on appetite, food intake, or plasma ghrelin and PYY responses in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31828287/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz285

tissue_or_cell_type

Stomach and postprandial circulation

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 580–591

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomised crossover trial in 28 participants with gastric emptying, appetite hormones and an unrestricted test lunch · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-viscosity-slows-the-stomach Compared with the control cereal, 4 grams of oat beta-glucan significantly reduced glucose incremental area under the curve at 78 compared with 135 mmol x min/L and insulin at 14.0 compared with 26.8 nmol x min/L and delayed gastric emptying half-time to a geometric mean of 285 minutes compared with 105 minutes, effects not seen after the beta-glucanase-treated arm of the same dose, while subjective appetite, PYY and ghrelin responses were similar to control and pizza intakes at a subsequent unrestricted meal were not significantly different. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: The intact polymer held the meal in the stomach nearly three times longer; the same dose chopped up did nothing. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Stomach and postprandial circulation experimental_model: Double-blind randomised crossover trial in 28 participants with gastric emptying, appetite hormones and an unrestricted test lunch limitations: The beta-glucanase arm is the control that isolates viscosity. The trial was designed around food intake as the primary endpoint and found no effect on it. exposure: Breakfast meals matched for weight, energy and macronutrients containing 2 or 4 grams of oat beta-glucan, or 4 grams treated with beta-glucanase to reduce molecular weight and viscosity evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/31828287.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "983ae8675d933c4292f9f20059e93db94587b9a570fbfb602f5921f5bd7edd70", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2204, "text_sha256": "983ae8675d933c4292f9f20059e93db94587b9a570fbfb602f5921f5bd7edd70"} [bg-p31828287] Increasing oat β-glucan viscosity in a breakfast meal slows gastric emptying and reduces glycemic and insulinemic responses but has no effect on appetite, food intake, or plasma ghrelin and PYY responses in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31828287/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz285