Glucoraphanin

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS assay validation in intervention urines

exposure

Broccoli sprout intervention specimens with equivalent administered preparation

limitations

Analytical exposure study; metabolite concentration is not tissue efficacy and does not identify each responsible human enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sulforaphane / SFN, stereochemistry specified per study

organism

Human, 98 urine specimens

plain_language

The same precursor dose did not produce the same exposure in everyone.

primary_references

[sulforaphane-p18729326] Quantification of sulforaphane mercapturic acid pathway conjugates in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography and isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18729326/ DOI: 10.1021/tx800210k

tissue_or_cell_type

Urinary mercapturic-acid pathway species

Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 385–396

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS assay validation in intervention urines · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sulforaphane-conversion-variability Interindividual precursor conversion varied over 100-fold in the studied intervention samples despite equivalent administered preparation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The same precursor dose did not produce the same exposure in everyone. organism: Human, 98 urine specimens tissue_or_cell_type: Urinary mercapturic-acid pathway species experimental_model: Isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS assay validation in intervention urines limitations: Analytical exposure study; metabolite concentration is not tissue efficacy and does not identify each responsible human enzyme. exposure: Broccoli sprout intervention specimens with equivalent administered preparation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/18729326.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1b30293ede979c158852939b48f68a2cd71fa605bbca813a9fe2325f99e5c1d3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2172, "text_sha256": "1b30293ede979c158852939b48f68a2cd71fa605bbca813a9fe2325f99e5c1d3"} [sulforaphane-p18729326] Quantification of sulforaphane mercapturic acid pathway conjugates in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography and isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18729326/ DOI: 10.1021/tx800210k

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Food processing and enzyme-activity experiments

exposure

Heating before homogenization, including 60 and at least 70 degrees C

limitations

Time, cultivar, food matrix and enzyme heat sensitivities matter; not a universal cooking prescription.

nutrient_topic

Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sulforaphane / SFN, stereochemistry specified per study

organism

Broccoli florets and sprouts; mouse hepatoma bioassay

plain_language

The response to heat depended on which plant material was tested.

primary_references

[sulforaphane-p15184012] Heating decreases epithiospecifier protein activity and increases sulforaphane formation in broccoli. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15184012/ DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.013

tissue_or_cell_type

Plant tissue hydrolysis

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 164–175

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Food processing and enzyme-activity experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sulforaphane-hotter-processing Heating broccoli florets to 70 degrees C or above decreased formation of both measured products; the same reduction did not occur in sprouts. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response to heat depended on which plant material was tested. organism: Broccoli florets and sprouts; mouse hepatoma bioassay tissue_or_cell_type: Plant tissue hydrolysis experimental_model: Food processing and enzyme-activity experiments limitations: Time, cultivar, food matrix and enzyme heat sensitivities matter; not a universal cooking prescription. exposure: Heating before homogenization, including 60 and at least 70 degrees C evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/15184012.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a1b248b03fcfc77ee38ab6b4189c6c565b24f2071912565f0377ce00e8de0e6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1665, "text_sha256": "3a1b248b03fcfc77ee38ab6b4189c6c565b24f2071912565f0377ce00e8de0e6"} [sulforaphane-p15184012] Heating decreases epithiospecifier protein activity and increases sulforaphane formation in broccoli. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15184012/ DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.013

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/24913818.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dabcc8a48260f668232ae3ab528fbf08e7b8b814ad9959d709fcd4702bbda7dd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1710, "text_sha256": "dabcc8a48260f668232ae3ab528fbf08e7b8b814ad9959d709fcd4702bbda7dd"}

experimental_model

Randomized placebo-controlled beverage trial

exposure

600 micromol glucoraphanin plus 40 micromol sulforaphane daily for 12 weeks

limitations

Urinary conjugate excretion is not proof of reduced cancer incidence, removal of every toxin or a clinical detoxification indication.

nutrient_topic

Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sulforaphane / SFN, stereochemistry specified per study

organism

Human, 291 recruited adults in Qidong

plain_language

The result extended to a second measured pollutant.

primary_references

[sulforaphane-p24913818] Rapid and sustainable detoxication of airborne pollutants by broccoli sprout beverage: results of a randomized clinical trial in China. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24913818/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0103

tissue_or_cell_type

Urinary pollutant mercapturates

Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1061–1072

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled beverage trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sulforaphane-acrolein-excretion Urinary acrolein-derived conjugate excretion increased by 23%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The result extended to a second measured pollutant. organism: Human, 291 recruited adults in Qidong tissue_or_cell_type: Urinary pollutant mercapturates experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled beverage trial limitations: Urinary conjugate excretion is not proof of reduced cancer incidence, removal of every toxin or a clinical detoxification indication. exposure: 600 micromol glucoraphanin plus 40 micromol sulforaphane daily for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/24913818.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dabcc8a48260f668232ae3ab528fbf08e7b8b814ad9959d709fcd4702bbda7dd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1710, "text_sha256": "dabcc8a48260f668232ae3ab528fbf08e7b8b814ad9959d709fcd4702bbda7dd"} [sulforaphane-p24913818] Rapid and sustainable detoxication of airborne pollutants by broccoli sprout beverage: results of a randomized clinical trial in China. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24913818/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0103

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/24913818.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dabcc8a48260f668232ae3ab528fbf08e7b8b814ad9959d709fcd4702bbda7dd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1710, "text_sha256": "dabcc8a48260f668232ae3ab528fbf08e7b8b814ad9959d709fcd4702bbda7dd"}

experimental_model

Randomized placebo-controlled beverage trial

exposure

600 micromol glucoraphanin plus 40 micromol sulforaphane daily for 12 weeks

limitations

Urinary conjugate excretion is not proof of reduced cancer incidence, removal of every toxin or a clinical detoxification indication.

nutrient_topic

Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sulforaphane / SFN, stereochemistry specified per study

organism

Human, 291 recruited adults in Qidong

plain_language

A specific exposure-processing marker increased.

primary_references

[sulforaphane-p24913818] Rapid and sustainable detoxication of airborne pollutants by broccoli sprout beverage: results of a randomized clinical trial in China. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24913818/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0103

tissue_or_cell_type

Urinary pollutant mercapturates

Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1048–1059

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled beverage trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sulforaphane-benzene-excretion The intervention increased urinary benzene-derived conjugate excretion by 61% compared with placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A specific exposure-processing marker increased. organism: Human, 291 recruited adults in Qidong tissue_or_cell_type: Urinary pollutant mercapturates experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled beverage trial limitations: Urinary conjugate excretion is not proof of reduced cancer incidence, removal of every toxin or a clinical detoxification indication. exposure: 600 micromol glucoraphanin plus 40 micromol sulforaphane daily for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/24913818.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dabcc8a48260f668232ae3ab528fbf08e7b8b814ad9959d709fcd4702bbda7dd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1710, "text_sha256": "dabcc8a48260f668232ae3ab528fbf08e7b8b814ad9959d709fcd4702bbda7dd"} [sulforaphane-p24913818] Rapid and sustainable detoxication of airborne pollutants by broccoli sprout beverage: results of a randomized clinical trial in China. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24913818/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0103

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Randomized placebo-controlled beverage trial

exposure

600 micromol glucoraphanin plus 40 micromol sulforaphane daily for 12 weeks

limitations

Urinary conjugate excretion is not proof of reduced cancer incidence, removal of every toxin or a clinical detoxification indication.

nutrient_topic

Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sulforaphane / SFN, stereochemistry specified per study

organism

Human, 291 recruited adults in Qidong

plain_language

The response was selective rather than a universal detoxification boost.

primary_references

[sulforaphane-p24913818] Rapid and sustainable detoxication of airborne pollutants by broccoli sprout beverage: results of a randomized clinical trial in China. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24913818/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0103

tissue_or_cell_type

Urinary pollutant mercapturates

Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1074–1085

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled beverage trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sulforaphane-crotonaldehyde-null Crotonaldehyde-derived conjugate excretion did not show the intervention increase observed for benzene and acrolein. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response was selective rather than a universal detoxification boost. organism: Human, 291 recruited adults in Qidong tissue_or_cell_type: Urinary pollutant mercapturates experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled beverage trial limitations: Urinary conjugate excretion is not proof of reduced cancer incidence, removal of every toxin or a clinical detoxification indication. exposure: 600 micromol glucoraphanin plus 40 micromol sulforaphane daily for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/24913818.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dabcc8a48260f668232ae3ab528fbf08e7b8b814ad9959d709fcd4702bbda7dd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1710, "text_sha256": "dabcc8a48260f668232ae3ab528fbf08e7b8b814ad9959d709fcd4702bbda7dd"} [sulforaphane-p24913818] Rapid and sustainable detoxication of airborne pollutants by broccoli sprout beverage: results of a randomized clinical trial in China. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24913818/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0103

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/16536577.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e3636614520a0c9f83132284992ffc10ca42943f97619933f8009ceb697ddfa9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1301, "text_sha256": "e3636614520a0c9f83132284992ffc10ca42943f97619933f8009ceb697ddfa9"}

experimental_model

Recombinant protein and glucosinolate product analysis

exposure

Purified recombinant ESP in a model hydrolysis system

limitations

Plant chemistry; does not establish a human health effect of the nitrile product.

nutrient_topic

Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sulforaphane / SFN, stereochemistry specified per study

organism

Broccoli cv. Packman ESP expressed in E. coli

plain_language

A second plant protein changes which molecule is produced.

primary_references

[sulforaphane-p16536577] Epithiospecifier protein from broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. italica) inhibits formation of the anticancer agent sulforaphane. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16536577/ DOI: 10.1021/jf0525277

tissue_or_cell_type

Myrosinase-dependent glucoraphanin conversion

Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 177–188

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant protein and glucosinolate product analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sulforaphane-esp-nitrile Recombinant broccoli ESP redirected myrosinase-dependent glucoraphanin hydrolysis toward sulforaphane nitrile rather than sulforaphane. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second plant protein changes which molecule is produced. organism: Broccoli cv. Packman ESP expressed in E. coli tissue_or_cell_type: Myrosinase-dependent glucoraphanin conversion experimental_model: Recombinant protein and glucosinolate product analysis limitations: Plant chemistry; does not establish a human health effect of the nitrile product. exposure: Purified recombinant ESP in a model hydrolysis system evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/16536577.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e3636614520a0c9f83132284992ffc10ca42943f97619933f8009ceb697ddfa9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1301, "text_sha256": "e3636614520a0c9f83132284992ffc10ca42943f97619933f8009ceb697ddfa9"} [sulforaphane-p16536577] Epithiospecifier protein from broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. italica) inhibits formation of the anticancer agent sulforaphane. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16536577/ DOI: 10.1021/jf0525277

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/29806738.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f6b9a289e09015264ee781be4b765486c80783805e5fa5bdb23361e8740fdc01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1324, "text_sha256": "f6b9a289e09015264ee781be4b765486c80783805e5fa5bdb23361e8740fdc01"}

experimental_model

Randomized crossover meal study

exposure

200 g cooked broccoli with or without 1 g brown mustard powder

limitations

Urinary SFN-NAC is an exposure marker; study-specific meal is not a guaranteed product conversion factor.

nutrient_topic

Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sulforaphane / SFN, stereochemistry specified per study

organism

Human, 12 healthy adults

plain_language

Adding an active plant enzyme source increased measured exposure.

primary_references

[sulforaphane-p29806738] Supplementation of the Diet by Exogenous Myrosinase via Mustard Seeds to Increase the Bioavailability of Sulforaphane in Healthy Human Subjects after the Consumption of Cooked Broccoli. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29806738/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700980

tissue_or_cell_type

Urinary SFN-NAC

Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 983–994

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover meal study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sulforaphane-mustard-food Adding mustard powder increased mean urinary SFN-NAC from 9.8 to 44.7 micromol per gram creatinine after cooked broccoli. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding an active plant enzyme source increased measured exposure. organism: Human, 12 healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Urinary SFN-NAC experimental_model: Randomized crossover meal study limitations: Urinary SFN-NAC is an exposure marker; study-specific meal is not a guaranteed product conversion factor. exposure: 200 g cooked broccoli with or without 1 g brown mustard powder evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/29806738.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f6b9a289e09015264ee781be4b765486c80783805e5fa5bdb23361e8740fdc01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1324, "text_sha256": "f6b9a289e09015264ee781be4b765486c80783805e5fa5bdb23361e8740fdc01"} [sulforaphane-p29806738] Supplementation of the Diet by Exogenous Myrosinase via Mustard Seeds to Increase the Bioavailability of Sulforaphane in Healthy Human Subjects after the Consumption of Cooked Broccoli. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29806738/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700980

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/41692762.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "67e337141c8012ea573d9720d5e4774bfdd1ae098c056b68991752169fbdb32a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1248, "text_sha256": "67e337141c8012ea573d9720d5e4774bfdd1ae098c056b68991752169fbdb32a"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind crossover single-dose study

exposure

Broccoli seed glucoraphanin with versus without mustard myrosinase; both arms contained ascorbic acid

limitations

Both arms included ascorbic acid, so its independent benefit cannot be inferred; conversion biomarker is not clinical efficacy.

nutrient_topic

Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sulforaphane / SFN, stereochemistry specified per study

organism

Human, 16 adults, nine women and seven men

plain_language

A recent controlled product comparison confirms the importance of enzyme activity.

primary_references

[sulforaphane-p41692762] Exogenous myrosinase from mustard seed increases bioavailability of sulforaphane from a glucoraphanin-rich broccoli seed extract in a randomized clinical study. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41692762/ DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-39389-4

tissue_or_cell_type

Urinary metabolites and fecal microbial genes

Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 996–1007

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind crossover single-dose study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sulforaphane-mustard-seed-trial Myrosinase increased mean urinary-metabolite-based recovery from 18.6% to 39.8%, and early conversion during the first eight hours from 8.0% to 25.4%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A recent controlled product comparison confirms the importance of enzyme activity. organism: Human, 16 adults, nine women and seven men tissue_or_cell_type: Urinary metabolites and fecal microbial genes experimental_model: Randomized double-blind crossover single-dose study limitations: Both arms included ascorbic acid, so its independent benefit cannot be inferred; conversion biomarker is not clinical efficacy. exposure: Broccoli seed glucoraphanin with versus without mustard myrosinase; both arms contained ascorbic acid evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/41692762.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "67e337141c8012ea573d9720d5e4774bfdd1ae098c056b68991752169fbdb32a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1248, "text_sha256": "67e337141c8012ea573d9720d5e4774bfdd1ae098c056b68991752169fbdb32a"} [sulforaphane-p41692762] Exogenous myrosinase from mustard seed increases bioavailability of sulforaphane from a glucoraphanin-rich broccoli seed extract in a randomized clinical study. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41692762/ DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-39389-4

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Food processing and enzyme-activity experiments

exposure

Heating before homogenization, including 60 and at least 70 degrees C

limitations

Time, cultivar, food matrix and enzyme heat sensitivities matter; not a universal cooking prescription.

nutrient_topic

Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sulforaphane / SFN, stereochemistry specified per study

organism

Broccoli florets and sprouts; mouse hepatoma bioassay

plain_language

The precursor and plant enzyme must come together before this product is formed.

primary_references

[sulforaphane-p15184012] Heating decreases epithiospecifier protein activity and increases sulforaphane formation in broccoli. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15184012/ DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.013

tissue_or_cell_type

Plant tissue hydrolysis

Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 138–149

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Food processing and enzyme-activity experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sulforaphane-myrosinase-formation Myrosinase hydrolysis of glucoraphanin after broccoli tissue disruption enabled sulforaphane formation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The precursor and plant enzyme must come together before this product is formed. organism: Broccoli florets and sprouts; mouse hepatoma bioassay tissue_or_cell_type: Plant tissue hydrolysis experimental_model: Food processing and enzyme-activity experiments limitations: Time, cultivar, food matrix and enzyme heat sensitivities matter; not a universal cooking prescription. exposure: Heating before homogenization, including 60 and at least 70 degrees C evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/15184012.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a1b248b03fcfc77ee38ab6b4189c6c565b24f2071912565f0377ce00e8de0e6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1665, "text_sha256": "3a1b248b03fcfc77ee38ab6b4189c6c565b24f2071912565f0377ce00e8de0e6"} [sulforaphane-p15184012] Heating decreases epithiospecifier protein activity and increases sulforaphane formation in broccoli. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15184012/ DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.013