Coronary heart disease

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis of 56 studies and 261,991 individuals

exposure

The ADH1B rs1229984 variant as an instrument for alcohol exposure

limitations

Genetic instrument design, which avoids the confounding and reverse causation of consumption questionnaires. It cannot speak to drinking patterns the variant does not affect.

nutrient_topic

Alcohol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and ethanol is recorded separately from the acetaldehyde it becomes. · Ethanol

organism

Human

plain_language

The gene variant that makes people drink less also gives them less heart disease, including among light drinkers.

primary_references

[alcohol-p25011450] Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25011450/ DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g4164

tissue_or_cell_type

Cardiovascular system

Alcohol: ethanol clearance, acetaldehyde, the channels it binds, organ injury and nutrient collisions (2026-09-21) · lines 566–577

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis of 56 studies and 261,991 individuals · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### alcohol-mendelian-cardiovascular Carriers of the ADH1B rs1229984 A-allele consumed 17.2% fewer units per week, had lower systolic blood pressure, interleukin-6, waist circumference and body mass index, and had lower odds of coronary heart disease (odds ratio 0.90), with the protective association the same across all categories of alcohol consumption. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alcohol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and ethanol is recorded separately from the acetaldehyde it becomes. plain_language: The gene variant that makes people drink less also gives them less heart disease, including among light drinkers. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Cardiovascular system experimental_model: Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis of 56 studies and 261,991 individuals limitations: Genetic instrument design, which avoids the confounding and reverse causation of consumption questionnaires. It cannot speak to drinking patterns the variant does not affect. exposure: The ADH1B rs1229984 variant as an instrument for alcohol exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/alcohol-research/25011450.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d8f5f9f8c57fc5e32e827d8db1f212ebb427553d9b9f59db611a622bd99c4a10", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1978, "text_sha256": "d8f5f9f8c57fc5e32e827d8db1f212ebb427553d9b9f59db611a622bd99c4a10"} [alcohol-p25011450] Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25011450/ DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g4164

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of 58 randomised controlled trials in 3974 participants

exposure

Diets enriched with oat beta-glucan at a median 3.5 grams per day for at least three weeks

limitations

Considerable unexplained heterogeneity, with I-squared of 79 percent for LDL and 99 percent for non-HDL cholesterol. These are pooled estimates, not the expected effect of any particular product.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

The particle count falls too, not just the cholesterol carried in it.

primary_references

[bg-p27724985] The effect of oat β-glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for CVD risk reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27724985/ DOI: 10.1017/s000711451600341x

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum lipoproteins

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 502–513

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of 58 randomised controlled trials in 3974 participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-apob-and-non-hdl-move-too A median dose of 3.5 grams per day of oat beta-glucan significantly lowered LDL-cholesterol by -0.19 with 95% CI -0.23 to -0.14 mmol/l, non-HDL-cholesterol by -0.20 with 95% CI -0.26 to -0.15 mmol/l and apoB by -0.03 with 95% CI -0.05 to -0.02 g/l compared with control interventions, and there was evidence for considerable unexplained heterogeneity in the analysis of LDL-cholesterol with I-squared of 79% and non-HDL-cholesterol with I-squared of 99%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: The particle count falls too, not just the cholesterol carried in it. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Serum lipoproteins experimental_model: Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of 58 randomised controlled trials in 3974 participants limitations: Considerable unexplained heterogeneity, with I-squared of 79 percent for LDL and 99 percent for non-HDL cholesterol. These are pooled estimates, not the expected effect of any particular product. exposure: Diets enriched with oat beta-glucan at a median 3.5 grams per day for at least three weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/27724985.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a764416442dac76f7e70e8b6a509b5913693d6a8f7b95cd03beb4567f5b5c9f3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1647, "text_sha256": "a764416442dac76f7e70e8b6a509b5913693d6a8f7b95cd03beb4567f5b5c9f3"} [bg-p27724985] The effect of oat β-glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for CVD risk reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27724985/ DOI: 10.1017/s000711451600341x

evidence_span

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experimental_model

European Food Safety Authority assessment of three meta-analyses and 19 randomised controlled trials

exposure

Oat beta-glucan at doses of at least 3 grams per day

limitations

A regulatory opinion on a disease-risk-reduction claim. It concerns lowering of LDL cholesterol; the cardiovascular part of the wording is an inference from the lipid change and not a measured event rate in these trials.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

The cholesterol claim cleared the same regulator, at three grams a day.

primary_references

[bg-p42004118] Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta glucan and lowering blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42004118/ DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1885

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum LDL cholesterol

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 632–643

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · European Food Safety Authority assessment of three meta-analyses and 19 randomised controlled trials · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-the-cholesterol-claim-was-accepted The applicant identified a total of 22 references which included three meta-analyses and 19 randomised controlled trials as being pertinent to the health claim, in weighing the evidence the Panel took into account that most of the trials investigating the effects of oat beta-glucan at doses of at least 3 grams per day have shown a statistically significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol concentrations and that there was strong evidence supporting the biological plausibility of the effect, and the Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of oat beta-glucan and lowering of blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations, considering that in order to bear the claim foods should provide at least 3 grams of oat beta-glucan per day. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: The cholesterol claim cleared the same regulator, at three grams a day. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Serum LDL cholesterol experimental_model: European Food Safety Authority assessment of three meta-analyses and 19 randomised controlled trials limitations: A regulatory opinion on a disease-risk-reduction claim. It concerns lowering of LDL cholesterol; the cardiovascular part of the wording is an inference from the lipid change and not a measured event rate in these trials. exposure: Oat beta-glucan at doses of at least 3 grams per day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/42004118.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dcfcf120be06e5235e076afd33caa325371eea0a3c56b74b023ea34589e19717", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1690, "text_sha256": "dcfcf120be06e5235e076afd33caa325371eea0a3c56b74b023ea34589e19717"} [bg-p42004118] Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta glucan and lowering blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42004118/ DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1885

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Review of the coronary vascular profile assembled from haemodynamic studies and retrospective analysis of the clinical trial programme

exposure

Sildenafil at therapeutic doses in men with coronary heart disease not taking nitrates

limitations

A review rather than a new study, and the cardiac risk analyses are retrospective. It measures coronary flow in the intact circulation, where the organ bath records cannot.

nutrient_topic

Sildenafil research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the drug is recorded separately from its N-desmethyl metabolite and its target enzyme from the homologous retinal PDE6. · Sildenafil

organism

Human

plain_language

In the living coronary circulation it did not change resting flow, though it improved the reserve the vessels could call on.

primary_references

[sil-p11351772] Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition: effects on the coronary vasculature. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11351772/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2001.tb11011.x

tissue_or_cell_type

Coronary circulation

Sildenafil: the enzyme it occupies instead of the substrate, why it cannot start a signal it can only preserve, the organic nitrate interaction that follows from that, the homologous retinal enzyme ten-fold away, and the pulmonary circulation where the same mechanism became a second indication (2026-09-22) · lines 379–390

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Review of the coronary vascular profile assembled from haemodynamic studies and retrospective analysis of the clinical trial programme · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### sil-no-change-in-coronary-flow In haemodynamic studies sildenafil produced small decreases in systemic and pulmonary blood pressure but caused no adverse cardiovascular effects in specific populations of men with coronary heart disease, and it caused no significant changes in coronary blood flow but had a positive effect on coronary flow reserve in men with severe coronary artery disease, suggesting that PDE5 may play an important role in the regulation of coronary blood flow in the healthy and diseased heart, while in retrospective analyses of extensive clinical trials treatment was not associated with any increase in cardiac risk in patients not receiving organic nitrates or nitrate donor drugs. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sildenafil research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the drug is recorded separately from its N-desmethyl metabolite and its target enzyme from the homologous retinal PDE6. plain_language: In the living coronary circulation it did not change resting flow, though it improved the reserve the vessels could call on. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Coronary circulation experimental_model: Review of the coronary vascular profile assembled from haemodynamic studies and retrospective analysis of the clinical trial programme limitations: A review rather than a new study, and the cardiac risk analyses are retrospective. It measures coronary flow in the intact circulation, where the organ bath records cannot. exposure: Sildenafil at therapeutic doses in men with coronary heart disease not taking nitrates evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sildenafil-research/11351772.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "73a1ab2fa66fb9a6155ab7ccae7f405568ffdee07d4a09d61dc106e00c442711", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1020, "text_sha256": "73a1ab2fa66fb9a6155ab7ccae7f405568ffdee07d4a09d61dc106e00c442711"} [sil-p11351772] Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition: effects on the coronary vasculature. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11351772/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2001.tb11011.x