Component

White adipose tissue

White adipose tissue. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

3 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. FNDC5 and FGF21 treatment upregulated human adipocyte brown-fat gene and protein expression and thermogenesis in a depot-specific manner, suggesting a thermogenic cold-activated endocrine axis between muscle and fat.

    Irisin → Browning of human adipocytes: brown-fat gene and protein expression source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/24506871.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1149, "text_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610"}
    experimental_model
    Human cold exposure with circulating myokine measurement and human adipocyte treatment
    exposure
    Cold exposure sufficient to induce shivering; FNDC5 and FGF21 treatment of human adipocytes
    limitations
    The proportionality to shivering intensity is the mechanistic link. Depot-specific adipocyte responses mean this is not a uniform browning effect.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The messenger from shivering muscle tells fat to start making heat.
    primary_references
    [cold-p24506871] Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506871/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.017
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 494–505

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human cold exposure with circulating myokine measurement and human adipocyte treatment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-irisin-browning FNDC5 and FGF21 treatment upregulated human adipocyte brown-fat gene and protein expression and thermogenesis in a depot-specific manner, suggesting a thermogenic cold-activated endocrine axis between muscle and fat. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: The messenger from shivering muscle tells fat to start making heat. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue experimental_model: Human cold exposure with circulating myokine measurement and human adipocyte treatment limitations: The proportionality to shivering intensity is the mechanistic link. Depot-specific adipocyte responses mean this is not a uniform browning effect. exposure: Cold exposure sufficient to induce shivering; FNDC5 and FGF21 treatment of human adipocytes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/24506871.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1149, "text_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610"} [cold-p24506871] Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506871/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.017
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Ectopic expression of PGC-1 in white adipose cells activated expression of UCP1 and key mitochondrial enzymes of the respiratory chain, and increased cellular mitochondrial DNA content.

    Human PGC-1alpha transcriptional coactivator / PPARGC1A → Cellular mitochondrial DNA content source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/9529258.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8986da918d7bde4d0314f51038ee3b1c6413042a1132bb6fbf55ceeb54e79ddf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 842, "text_sha256": "8986da918d7bde4d0314f51038ee3b1c6413042a1132bb6fbf55ceeb54e79ddf"}
    experimental_model
    Cloning of PGC-1 from a brown fat cDNA library with ectopic expression in white adipose cells
    exposure
    Cold exposure of mice; ectopic PGC-1 expression
    limitations
    The founding description of the coactivator. Ectopic expression shows sufficiency in white fat cells; it does not establish the size of the contribution in vivo.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    The same switch builds more mitochondria to do the burning.
    primary_references
    [cold-p9529258] A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9529258/ DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81410-5
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Brown fat and skeletal muscle

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 351–362

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cloning of PGC-1 from a brown fat cDNA library with ectopic expression in white adipose cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-pgc1a-mitochondrial-biogenesis Ectopic expression of PGC-1 in white adipose cells activated expression of UCP1 and key mitochondrial enzymes of the respiratory chain, and increased cellular mitochondrial DNA content. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: The same switch builds more mitochondria to do the burning. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Brown fat and skeletal muscle experimental_model: Cloning of PGC-1 from a brown fat cDNA library with ectopic expression in white adipose cells limitations: The founding description of the coactivator. Ectopic expression shows sufficiency in white fat cells; it does not establish the size of the contribution in vivo. exposure: Cold exposure of mice; ectopic PGC-1 expression evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/9529258.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8986da918d7bde4d0314f51038ee3b1c6413042a1132bb6fbf55ceeb54e79ddf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 842, "text_sha256": "8986da918d7bde4d0314f51038ee3b1c6413042a1132bb6fbf55ceeb54e79ddf"} [cold-p9529258] A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9529258/ DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81410-5
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. In brown adipose tissue of hypothyroid rats beta-3 adrenergic receptor number and mRNA increased 4- to 6-fold while both fell in white adipose tissue, T3 injection reverted the changes within 24 hours, and T3 excess caused a greater than 90% reduction of beta-3 receptor mRNA in brown fat but a 5-fold increase in white fat.

    T3 → Human beta-3 adrenergic receptor / ADRB3 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/7628361.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ee7ba7cfa7ae3387c067f33a03ad9c212801437175f6cb656d5e86b482ed8d64", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2080, "text_sha256": "ee7ba7cfa7ae3387c067f33a03ad9c212801437175f6cb656d5e86b482ed8d64"}
    experimental_model
    Brown and white adipose tissue of hypothyroid and T3-treated rats
    exposure
    Hypothyroidism, T3 replacement and T3 excess
    limitations
    The reciprocal regulation in the two tissues is the informative part. A post-receptor cAMP defect persisted after receptor numbers were corrected, so receptor count is not the whole story.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Rat
    plain_language
    Thyroid hormone tunes how loudly each fat depot hears the nerve signal, in opposite directions.
    primary_references
    [cold-p7628361] Thyroid hormone and norepinephrine signaling in brown adipose tissue. II: Differential effects of thyroid hormone on beta 3-adrenergic receptors in brown and white adipose tissue. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7628361/ DOI: 10.1210/endo.136.8.7628361
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Brown and white adipose tissue

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 429–440

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Brown and white adipose tissue of hypothyroid and T3-treated rats · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-thyroid-beta3-regulation In brown adipose tissue of hypothyroid rats beta-3 adrenergic receptor number and mRNA increased 4- to 6-fold while both fell in white adipose tissue, T3 injection reverted the changes within 24 hours, and T3 excess caused a greater than 90% reduction of beta-3 receptor mRNA in brown fat but a 5-fold increase in white fat. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: Thyroid hormone tunes how loudly each fat depot hears the nerve signal, in opposite directions. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Brown and white adipose tissue experimental_model: Brown and white adipose tissue of hypothyroid and T3-treated rats limitations: The reciprocal regulation in the two tissues is the informative part. A post-receptor cAMP defect persisted after receptor numbers were corrected, so receptor count is not the whole story. exposure: Hypothyroidism, T3 replacement and T3 excess evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/7628361.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ee7ba7cfa7ae3387c067f33a03ad9c212801437175f6cb656d5e86b482ed8d64", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2080, "text_sha256": "ee7ba7cfa7ae3387c067f33a03ad9c212801437175f6cb656d5e86b482ed8d64"} [cold-p7628361] Thyroid hormone and norepinephrine signaling in brown adipose tissue. II: Differential effects of thyroid hormone on beta 3-adrenergic receptors in brown and white adipose tissue. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7628361/ DOI: 10.1210/endo.136.8.7628361
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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