Component

Irisin

Irisin. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

3 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. FNDC5 and FGF21 treatment upregulated human adipocyte brown-fat gene and protein expression and thermogenesis in a depot-specific manner, suggesting a thermogenic cold-activated endocrine axis between muscle and fat.

    Irisin → Browning of human adipocytes: brown-fat gene and protein expression source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/24506871.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1149, "text_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610"}
    experimental_model
    Human cold exposure with circulating myokine measurement and human adipocyte treatment
    exposure
    Cold exposure sufficient to induce shivering; FNDC5 and FGF21 treatment of human adipocytes
    limitations
    The proportionality to shivering intensity is the mechanistic link. Depot-specific adipocyte responses mean this is not a uniform browning effect.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The messenger from shivering muscle tells fat to start making heat.
    primary_references
    [cold-p24506871] Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506871/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.017
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 494–505

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human cold exposure with circulating myokine measurement and human adipocyte treatment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-irisin-browning FNDC5 and FGF21 treatment upregulated human adipocyte brown-fat gene and protein expression and thermogenesis in a depot-specific manner, suggesting a thermogenic cold-activated endocrine axis between muscle and fat. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: The messenger from shivering muscle tells fat to start making heat. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue experimental_model: Human cold exposure with circulating myokine measurement and human adipocyte treatment limitations: The proportionality to shivering intensity is the mechanistic link. Depot-specific adipocyte responses mean this is not a uniform browning effect. exposure: Cold exposure sufficient to induce shivering; FNDC5 and FGF21 treatment of human adipocytes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/24506871.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1149, "text_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610"} [cold-p24506871] Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506871/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.017
    Complete structured claim and evidence

What acts on it

  1. Nattokinase increased peripheral blood irisin in rat stroke models, and the authors place this on the path to improved neurogenesis and cognition.

    Nattokinase / subtilisin NAT → Irisin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    Not stated here
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Rat
    exposure
    Nattokinase
    limitations
    An animal disease model. Whether nattokinase raises irisin by a direct action or as a consequence of the stroke protection is not separated, and human relevance is unestablished.
    organism
    Rat
    plain_language
    Nattokinase increased peripheral blood irisin in rat stroke models, and the authors place this on the path to improved neurogenesis and cognition.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase Promotes Post-stroke Neurogenesis and Cognition Recovery via Increasing Circulating Irisin. (2023) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37466380/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08718
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Peripheral blood and hippocampus, post-stroke

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1247–1247

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Nattokinase increased peripheral blood irisin in rat stroke models, and the authors place this on the path to improved neurogenesis and cognition.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Cold exposure increased circulating irisin and FGF21, with irisin secretion induced in proportion to shivering intensity and of similar magnitude to exercise-stimulated secretion.

    Shivering thermogenesis → Circulating irisin concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/24506871.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1149, "text_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610"}
    experimental_model
    Human cold exposure with circulating myokine measurement and human adipocyte treatment
    exposure
    Cold exposure sufficient to induce shivering; FNDC5 and FGF21 treatment of human adipocytes
    limitations
    The proportionality to shivering intensity is the mechanistic link. Depot-specific adipocyte responses mean this is not a uniform browning effect.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Shivering muscle releases the same messenger exercising muscle does, in proportion to how hard it shivers.
    primary_references
    [cold-p24506871] Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506871/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.017
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 481–492

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human cold exposure with circulating myokine measurement and human adipocyte treatment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-irisin-shivering Cold exposure increased circulating irisin and FGF21, with irisin secretion induced in proportion to shivering intensity and of similar magnitude to exercise-stimulated secretion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: Shivering muscle releases the same messenger exercising muscle does, in proportion to how hard it shivers. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue experimental_model: Human cold exposure with circulating myokine measurement and human adipocyte treatment limitations: The proportionality to shivering intensity is the mechanistic link. Depot-specific adipocyte responses mean this is not a uniform browning effect. exposure: Cold exposure sufficient to induce shivering; FNDC5 and FGF21 treatment of human adipocytes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/24506871.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1149, "text_sha256": "980c2630ed13bf2a55f813a6df483edb68a1d6370c0f1afdfcbc7df7817eb610"} [cold-p24506871] Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506871/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.017
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards