Component

Verapamil

Study-scoped entity; inspect species, exposure and experimental limitations on each claim.

3 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Verapamil abrogated ergothioneine protection in the human neuronal-cell study.

    Verapamil → Ergothioneine-associated human neuronal cytoprotection source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    6-OHDA challenge with verapamil hydrochloride.
    limitations
    Verapamil is nonspecific; this experiment alone cannot prove exclusive SLC22A4 mediation.
    nutrient_topic
    Ergothioneine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Ergothioneine
    plain_language
    A transport-inhibiting drug weakened protection.
    primary_references
    Ergothioneine-Mediated Neuroprotection of Human iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons. · 2024 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38929132/ · DOI 10.3390/antiox13060693
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Ergothioneine: transport, redox chemistry and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 400–406

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · 6-OHDA challenge with verapamil hydrochloride. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## ergothioneine-neuronal-verapamil A transport-inhibiting drug weakened protection. Verapamil abrogated ergothioneine protection in the human neuronal-cell study. Model: 6-OHDA challenge with verapamil hydrochloride. Limitations: Verapamil is nonspecific; this experiment alone cannot prove exclusive SLC22A4 mediation. Evidence access: Primary abstract Ergothioneine-Mediated Neuroprotection of Human iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons. · 2024 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38929132/ · DOI 10.3390/antiox13060693
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Verapamil inhibited CAT1 arginine uptake with IC50 85.3 micromolar and an uncompetitive pattern.

    Verapamil → Human CAT1-mediated arginine uptake source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Full-text methods/results/discussion, Europe PMC PMC9217908.
    experimental_model
    HEK cells expressing human CAT1, compared with vector controls; radiolabeled substrate uptake.
    limitations
    Far above free therapeutic plasma exposure; the authors considered a significant clinical transport interaction unlikely.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Arginine collection; tissue, species, dose and formulation distinctions retained. · L-Arginine
    plain_language
    A laboratory drug effect acts at the transport step.
    primary_references
    Screening of commonly prescribed drugs for effects on the CAT1-mediated transport of L-arginine and arginine derivatives. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35377022/ · DOI 10.1007/s00726-022-03156-2

    L-Arginine: transport, metabolic branches, nutrient interactions, availability and discovery questions (2026-09-18) · lines 46–52

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · HEK cells expressing human CAT1, compared with vector controls; radiolabeled substrate uptake. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## arg-verapamil A laboratory drug effect acts at the transport step. Verapamil inhibited CAT1 arginine uptake with IC50 85.3 micromolar and an uncompetitive pattern. Model: HEK cells expressing human CAT1, compared with vector controls; radiolabeled substrate uptake. Limitations: Far above free therapeutic plasma exposure; the authors considered a significant clinical transport interaction unlikely. Evidence access: Full-text methods/results/discussion, Europe PMC PMC9217908. Screening of commonly prescribed drugs for effects on the CAT1-mediated transport of L-arginine and arginine derivatives. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35377022/ · DOI 10.1007/s00726-022-03156-2
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, the two most abundant capsaicinoids in Capsicum species, proved to be superior efflux pump inhibitors compared with the standard verapamil in an ethidium bromide accumulation assay in mycobacteria, and a dilution series showed dose dependency of both compounds.

    Dihydrocapsaicin → Mycobacterial efflux pumps source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/dihydrocapsaicin-research/30428416.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f94c6eead19764b3486e3cf015e5083de38b48d72f88cf31826a75fadb8a6fa3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1034, "text_sha256": "f94c6eead19764b3486e3cf015e5083de38b48d72f88cf31826a75fadb8a6fa3"}
    experimental_model
    Ethidium bromide accumulation assay in Mycobacterium smegmatis with natural and synthetic capsaicinoids and capsinoids
    exposure
    Natural and synthetic capsaicinoids and synthetic capsinoids, against verapamil as the standard efflux pump inhibitor
    limitations
    A bacterial assay with a recognised positive control. Efflux inhibition in M. smegmatis is a model for, not a demonstration of, activity against pathogenic mycobacteria.
    nutrient_topic
    Dihydrocapsaicin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and dihydrocapsaicin is recorded separately from capsaicin. · Dihydrocapsaicin
    organism
    Mycobacterium smegmatis
    plain_language
    Both compounds jam the pumps bacteria use to spit out antibiotics, better than the drug normally used for this.
    primary_references
    [dhc-p30428416] Resistance modulatory and efflux-inhibitory activities of capsaicinoids and capsinoids. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428416/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.062
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Bacterial cell

    Dihydrocapsaicin: the second capsaicinoid, the hypothermia it is used to induce, what the gut and liver do to it, and what it does without TRPV1 (2026-09-21) · lines 764–775

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ethidium bromide accumulation assay in Mycobacterium smegmatis with natural and synthetic capsaicinoids and capsinoids · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### dhc-efflux-pump-inhibition Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, the two most abundant capsaicinoids in Capsicum species, proved to be superior efflux pump inhibitors compared with the standard verapamil in an ethidium bromide accumulation assay in mycobacteria, and a dilution series showed dose dependency of both compounds. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Dihydrocapsaicin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and dihydrocapsaicin is recorded separately from capsaicin. plain_language: Both compounds jam the pumps bacteria use to spit out antibiotics, better than the drug normally used for this. organism: Mycobacterium smegmatis tissue_or_cell_type: Bacterial cell experimental_model: Ethidium bromide accumulation assay in Mycobacterium smegmatis with natural and synthetic capsaicinoids and capsinoids limitations: A bacterial assay with a recognised positive control. Efflux inhibition in M. smegmatis is a model for, not a demonstration of, activity against pathogenic mycobacteria. exposure: Natural and synthetic capsaicinoids and synthetic capsinoids, against verapamil as the standard efflux pump inhibitor evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/dihydrocapsaicin-research/30428416.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f94c6eead19764b3486e3cf015e5083de38b48d72f88cf31826a75fadb8a6fa3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1034, "text_sha256": "f94c6eead19764b3486e3cf015e5083de38b48d72f88cf31826a75fadb8a6fa3"} [dhc-p30428416] Resistance modulatory and efflux-inhibitory activities of capsaicinoids and capsinoids. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428416/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.062
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards