Vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, supplying sodium acetate

Where it participates (unsigned role)

1. The glucose response was depressed by 31.4% after the acetic acid plus bread meal with respect to the sodium acetate plus bread meal and the blank plus bread meal, and the authors concluded that a limited dose of vinegar as salad dressing significantly influences the glycaemic response by a mechanism related to acidity but not to gastric emptying.

   Native vinegar supplying free acetic acid → Postprandial blood glucose response source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"}

   experimental_model

   Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others

   exposure

   1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread

   limitations

   The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small.

   nutrient_topic

   Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   The acid form lowered blood glucose by about a third; the neutralised form did not.

   primary_references

   [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Whole body and stomach

   Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 82–93

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### acetate-acid-lowers-glucose The glucose response was depressed by 31.4% after the acetic acid plus bread meal with respect to the sodium acetate plus bread meal and the blank plus bread meal, and the authors concluded that a limited dose of vinegar as salad dressing significantly influences the glycaemic response by a mechanism related to acidity but not to gastric emptying. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The acid form lowered blood glucose by about a third; the neutralised form did not. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others limitations: The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small. exposure: 1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"} [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

   Complete structured claim and evidence

2. No difference was observed between gastric emptying times after the acetic acid plus bread meal and the sodium acetate plus bread meal, measured by ultrasonography in four subjects.

   Native vinegar supplying free acetic acid → Gastric emptying rate measured as the change in antral cross-sectional area by real-time ultrasonography source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"}

   experimental_model

   Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others

   exposure

   1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread

   limitations

   The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small.

   nutrient_topic

   Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   The two forms emptied the stomach at the same rate, while only one lowered glucose.

   primary_references

   [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Whole body and stomach

   Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 95–106

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### acetate-emptying-not-different No difference was observed between gastric emptying times after the acetic acid plus bread meal and the sodium acetate plus bread meal, measured by ultrasonography in four subjects. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The two forms emptied the stomach at the same rate, while only one lowered glucose. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others limitations: The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small. exposure: 1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"} [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

   Complete structured claim and evidence

3. Acetate concentrations were measured in arterialized capillary blood before and until 95 minutes after meals containing acetic acid as vinegar or sodium acetate as neutralised vinegar, and the blood acetate response over 95 minutes was markedly reduced after the acetic acid meals compared with the sodium acetate meals.

   Acetic acid → Acetate source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"}

   experimental_model

   Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others

   exposure

   1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread

   limitations

   The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small.

   nutrient_topic

   Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   Swallowing the acid does put acetate into the blood, but less of it than the neutralised salt does.

   primary_references

   [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Whole body and stomach

   Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 69–80

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### acetate-ingestion-to-plasma-acetate Acetate concentrations were measured in arterialized capillary blood before and until 95 minutes after meals containing acetic acid as vinegar or sodium acetate as neutralised vinegar, and the blood acetate response over 95 minutes was markedly reduced after the acetic acid meals compared with the sodium acetate meals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Swallowing the acid does put acetate into the blood, but less of it than the neutralised salt does. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body and stomach experimental_model: Randomised six-meal crossover in five healthy subjects, with ultrasonographic gastric emptying in four others limitations: The decisive control in this collection: it separates the acid from its sodium salt and measures gastric emptying directly in the same design. Five subjects for the glucose arm and four for the ultrasound arm is very small. exposure: 1 g acetic acid as native vinegar, or the same vinegar neutralised to pH 6.0 with sodium bicarbonate, each on a lettuce and olive oil meal with or without 50 g carbohydrate as white bread evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/7796781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1533, "text_sha256": "88f9eba4673a81b8a0d190d3303d1d43ba908e457cc8794a457c962074c7d60f"} [acetate-p7796781] Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7796781/

   Complete structured claim and evidence

4. Sodium acetate, in the form of neutralised acetic acid, directly activated AMPK and lowered the expression of genes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 in rat hepatocytes, leading the authors to conclude that the hypoglycaemic effect might be due to activation of AMPK in the liver.

   Acetate → AMP-activated protein kinase complexes source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16630552.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8e99fe94e17c850602d0da9607212293dfc8d773e356b73ef37c4b071bbeabea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 914, "text_sha256": "8e99fe94e17c850602d0da9607212293dfc8d773e356b73ef37c4b071bbeabea"}

   experimental_model

   KK-Ay diabetic mice fed for 8 weeks, with rat hepatocyte experiments

   exposure

   0.3% dietary acetic acid for 8 weeks; sodium acetate as neutralised acetic acid applied to rat hepatocytes

   limitations

   The hepatocyte arm used the neutralised salt and still activated AMPK, which does not sit easily beside the human finding that the acid rather than the salt lowered glucose. Both are recorded.

   nutrient_topic

   Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

   organism

   Mouse and rat cells

   plain_language

   The neutralised salt switched on the liver cell energy sensor directly.

   primary_references

   [acetate-p16630552] Acetic acid activates hepatic AMPK and reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic KK-A(y) mice. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16630552/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.176

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Liver

   Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 420–431

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · KK-Ay diabetic mice fed for 8 weeks, with rat hepatocyte experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### acetate-sodium-acetate-hepatocyte Sodium acetate, in the form of neutralised acetic acid, directly activated AMPK and lowered the expression of genes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 in rat hepatocytes, leading the authors to conclude that the hypoglycaemic effect might be due to activation of AMPK in the liver. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The neutralised salt switched on the liver cell energy sensor directly. organism: Mouse and rat cells tissue_or_cell_type: Liver experimental_model: KK-Ay diabetic mice fed for 8 weeks, with rat hepatocyte experiments limitations: The hepatocyte arm used the neutralised salt and still activated AMPK, which does not sit easily beside the human finding that the acid rather than the salt lowered glucose. Both are recorded. exposure: 0.3% dietary acetic acid for 8 weeks; sodium acetate as neutralised acetic acid applied to rat hepatocytes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16630552.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8e99fe94e17c850602d0da9607212293dfc8d773e356b73ef37c4b071bbeabea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 914, "text_sha256": "8e99fe94e17c850602d0da9607212293dfc8d773e356b73ef37c4b071bbeabea"} [acetate-p16630552] Acetic acid activates hepatic AMPK and reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic KK-A(y) mice. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16630552/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.176

   Complete structured claim and evidence