Component

Naringenin sulfate conjugates

Species, preparation, dose and limitations are retained on linked claims.

4 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Naringenin sulfate conjugates formed more stable complexes with human serum albumin than the parent flavonoid in vitro.

    Naringenin sulfate conjugates → Human serum albumin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Naringenin and sulfate/glucuronide conjugates
    duration
    Equilibrium assay
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Cell-free human serum albumin binding assays
    limitations
    Binding does not establish tissue delivery or a clinically important displacement interaction.
    nutrient_topic
    Naringenin chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Naringenin
    organism
    Cell-free human serum albumin binding assays
    plain_language
    Naringenin sulfate conjugates formed more stable complexes with human serum albumin than the parent flavonoid in vitro.
    primary_references
    Interaction of luteolin, naringenin, and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates with human serum albumin, cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4) enzymes and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1 and OATP2B1) transporters. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36481402/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114078
    route
    In vitro
    tissue
    Ligand-protein binding

    Naringenin: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 66–75

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free human serum albumin binding assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## naringenin-conjugate-albumin Naringenin sulfate conjugates formed more stable complexes with human serum albumin than the parent flavonoid in vitro. Model/species: Cell-free human serum albumin binding assays Tissue/system: Ligand-protein binding Exposure: Naringenin and sulfate/glucuronide conjugates Route: In vitro Duration: Equilibrium assay Limits: Binding does not establish tissue delivery or a clinically important displacement interaction. Primary reference: Interaction of luteolin, naringenin, and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates with human serum albumin, cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4) enzymes and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1 and OATP2B1) transporters. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36481402/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114078 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Naringenin sulfate and glucuronide conjugates showed no or only weak inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in the tested assays.

    Naringenin sulfate conjugates → Human CYP2C9/CYP2C19/CYP3A4 assay panel source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Naringenin conjugate concentration series
    duration
    Acute enzyme incubation
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Human CYP enzyme assays
    limitations
    This is a useful negative/weak result for the tested enzymes, not a complete drug-interaction screen.
    nutrient_topic
    Naringenin chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Naringenin
    organism
    Human CYP enzyme assays
    plain_language
    Naringenin sulfate and glucuronide conjugates showed no or only weak inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in the tested assays.
    primary_references
    Interaction of luteolin, naringenin, and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates with human serum albumin, cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4) enzymes and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1 and OATP2B1) transporters. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36481402/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114078
    route
    In vitro
    tissue
    CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 activity

    Naringenin: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 77–86

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human CYP enzyme assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## naringenin-cyp-weak-null Naringenin sulfate and glucuronide conjugates showed no or only weak inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in the tested assays. Model/species: Human CYP enzyme assays Tissue/system: CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 activity Exposure: Naringenin conjugate concentration series Route: In vitro Duration: Acute enzyme incubation Limits: This is a useful negative/weak result for the tested enzymes, not a complete drug-interaction screen. Primary reference: Interaction of luteolin, naringenin, and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates with human serum albumin, cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4) enzymes and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1 and OATP2B1) transporters. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36481402/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114078 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Selected naringenin sulfate or glucuronide conjugates potently inhibited OATP1B1 and/or OATP2B1 in vitro.

    Naringenin sulfate conjugates → Human OATP1B1/OATP2B1 transport activity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Naringenin metabolite concentration-response
    duration
    Acute
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Transporter expression assays
    limitations
    The abstract does not assign every conjugate to each transporter or establish interaction at human free concentrations.
    nutrient_topic
    Naringenin chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Naringenin
    organism
    Transporter expression assays
    plain_language
    Selected naringenin sulfate or glucuronide conjugates potently inhibited OATP1B1 and/or OATP2B1 in vitro.
    primary_references
    Interaction of luteolin, naringenin, and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates with human serum albumin, cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4) enzymes and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1 and OATP2B1) transporters. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36481402/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114078
    route
    In vitro
    tissue
    OATP1B1 and OATP2B1 transport

    Naringenin: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 88–97

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## naringenin-oatp-inhibition Selected naringenin sulfate or glucuronide conjugates potently inhibited OATP1B1 and/or OATP2B1 in vitro. Model/species: Transporter expression assays Tissue/system: OATP1B1 and OATP2B1 transport Exposure: Naringenin metabolite concentration-response Route: In vitro Duration: Acute Limits: The abstract does not assign every conjugate to each transporter or establish interaction at human free concentrations. Primary reference: Interaction of luteolin, naringenin, and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates with human serum albumin, cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4) enzymes and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1 and OATP2B1) transporters. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36481402/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114078 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Perfused mouse intestine absorbed naringenin well but returned mostly sulfate and then glucuronide metabolites to the lumen, indicating extensive intestinal first-pass metabolism.

    Naringenin → Mouse intestinal first-pass sulfate and glucuronide conjugation source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Naringenin 3.5 micrograms/mL
    duration
    60 minutes
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Single-pass stomach, small-intestine and colon perfusion in mice
    limitations
    Mouse permeability and metabolite fractions do not define human oral bioavailability.
    nutrient_topic
    Naringenin chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Naringenin
    organism
    Single-pass stomach, small-intestine and colon perfusion in mice
    plain_language
    Perfused mouse intestine absorbed naringenin well but returned mostly sulfate and then glucuronide metabolites to the lumen, indicating extensive intestinal first-pass metabolism.
    primary_references
    High gastrointestinal permeability and local metabolism of naringenin: influence of antibiotic treatment on absorption and metabolism. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26083965/ DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515001671
    route
    In-situ intestinal perfusion
    tissue
    Permeability and phase-II metabolites

    Naringenin: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 44–53

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-pass stomach, small-intestine and colon perfusion in mice · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## naringenin-intestinal-first-pass Perfused mouse intestine absorbed naringenin well but returned mostly sulfate and then glucuronide metabolites to the lumen, indicating extensive intestinal first-pass metabolism. Model/species: Single-pass stomach, small-intestine and colon perfusion in mice Tissue/system: Permeability and phase-II metabolites Exposure: Naringenin 3.5 micrograms/mL Route: In-situ intestinal perfusion Duration: 60 minutes Limits: Mouse permeability and metabolite fractions do not define human oral bioavailability. Primary reference: High gastrointestinal permeability and local metabolism of naringenin: influence of antibiotic treatment on absorption and metabolism. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26083965/ DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515001671 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards