Component

Lung cancer incidence

Independent biological entity. Read linked claims for experimental scope and context.

2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Beta-carotene increased lung-cancer incidence in the male-smoker trial; alpha-tocopherol did not show a significant interaction with this effect.

    All-trans-beta-carotene → Lung cancer incidence source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    Carotene/vitamin E/tobacco context.
    experimental_model
    29,133 male smokers; factorial randomized trial.
    exposure
    20 mg/day beta-carotene, 5-8 years; study exposure only.
    limitations
    Supplement exposure is not equivalent to eating carotenoid-rich foods; the molecular cause was not isolated.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The proposed antioxidant benefit did not predict the actual outcome.
    primary_references
    [va-atbc1994] The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8127329/ DOI: 10.1056/nejm199404143301501
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Clinical lung-cancer incidence

    Vitamin A: forms, mechanisms, deficiency and excess (2026-09-17) · lines 1718–1729

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 29,133 male smokers; factorial randomized trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### va-atbc-carotene-lung-cancer Beta-carotene increased lung-cancer incidence in the male-smoker trial; alpha-tocopherol did not show a significant interaction with this effect. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin A research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The proposed antioxidant benefit did not predict the actual outcome. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Clinical lung-cancer incidence experimental_model: 29,133 male smokers; factorial randomized trial. limitations: Supplement exposure is not equivalent to eating carotenoid-rich foods; the molecular cause was not isolated. cross_nutrient: Carotene/vitamin E/tobacco context. exposure: 20 mg/day beta-carotene, 5-8 years; study exposure only. [va-atbc1994] The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8127329/ DOI: 10.1056/nejm199404143301501
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. CARET found increased lung-cancer incidence with beta-carotene plus retinyl palmitate versus placebo (relative risk 1.28).

    All-trans-retinyl palmitate → Lung cancer incidence source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    experimental_model
    18,314 high-risk participants; mean four years.
    exposure
    30 mg/day beta-carotene plus 25,000 IU/day preformed vitamin A; trial stopped early.
    limitations
    Combined intervention cannot separate the contribution of each ingredient or establish their biochemical interaction.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin A research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Combining the two forms did not produce the hoped-for protection.
    primary_references
    [va-omenn1996] Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8602180/ DOI: 10.1056/nejm199605023341802
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Clinical lung-cancer incidence

    Vitamin A: forms, mechanisms, deficiency and excess (2026-09-17) · lines 1731–1741

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 18,314 high-risk participants; mean four years. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### va-caret-combination-lung-cancer CARET found increased lung-cancer incidence with beta-carotene plus retinyl palmitate versus placebo (relative risk 1.28). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin A research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Combining the two forms did not produce the hoped-for protection. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Clinical lung-cancer incidence experimental_model: 18,314 high-risk participants; mean four years. limitations: Combined intervention cannot separate the contribution of each ingredient or establish their biochemical interaction. exposure: 30 mg/day beta-carotene plus 25,000 IU/day preformed vitamin A; trial stopped early. [va-omenn1996] Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8602180/ DOI: 10.1056/nejm199605023341802
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards