Component

Gemfibrozil

Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.

6 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Gemfibrozil raised the plasma exposure of cerivastatin to 559 percent of control, with a range across subjects of 138 to 995 percent.

    Gemfibrozil → Plasma cerivastatin exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    3 days of gemfibrozil, 24 hours of sampling
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    10 healthy volunteers, randomised double-blind crossover
    exposure
    Gemfibrozil 600 mg twice daily for 3 days, then a single 0.3 mg cerivastatin dose
    limitations
    Metabolite M-23 exposure fell to 22 percent of control while the parent and other metabolites rose, so the interaction shifts the metabolic route rather than simply slowing clearance. Between-subject variation was wide.
    organism
    10 healthy volunteers, randomised double-blind crossover
    plain_language
    Gemfibrozil raised the plasma exposure of cerivastatin to 559 percent of control, with a range across subjects of 138 to 995 percent.
    primary_references
    Gemfibrozil greatly increases plasma concentrations of cerivastatin. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12496749/ DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2002.128469
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    Plasma cerivastatin, cerivastatin lactone and its metabolites

    Statin plasma exposure and muscle injury: dose randomisation and a drug interaction (2026-09-22) · lines 46–55

    Original AI-assisted curation of three primary studies resolved by PubMed title search and cross-checked against live PubMed metadata. Two share a research group with the OATP1B1 collection and are recorded as one line of evidence with it. Study-specific doses, effect sizes and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## gemfibrozil-raises-cerivastatin-exposure Gemfibrozil raised the plasma exposure of cerivastatin to 559 percent of control, with a range across subjects of 138 to 995 percent. Model/species: 10 healthy volunteers, randomised double-blind crossover Tissue/system: Plasma cerivastatin, cerivastatin lactone and its metabolites Exposure: Gemfibrozil 600 mg twice daily for 3 days, then a single 0.3 mg cerivastatin dose Route: Oral Duration: 3 days of gemfibrozil, 24 hours of sampling Limits: Metabolite M-23 exposure fell to 22 percent of control while the parent and other metabolites rose, so the interaction shifts the metabolic route rather than simply slowing clearance. Between-subject variation was wide. Primary reference: Gemfibrozil greatly increases plasma concentrations of cerivastatin. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12496749/ DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2002.128469 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Gemfibrozil increased the plasma exposure of active simvastatin acid by 185 percent and its peak concentration by 112 percent.

    Gemfibrozil → Plasma simvastatin exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    3 days of gemfibrozil, 12 hours of sampling
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    10 healthy volunteers, double-blind randomised crossover
    exposure
    Gemfibrozil 600 mg twice daily for 3 days, then a single 40 mg simvastatin dose
    limitations
    Gemfibrozil did not inhibit CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes, so the interaction is not a CYP3A4 effect; the authors attribute it to inhibition of non-CYP3A4 metabolism of simvastatin acid.
    organism
    10 healthy volunteers, double-blind randomised crossover
    plain_language
    Gemfibrozil increased the plasma exposure of active simvastatin acid by 185 percent and its peak concentration by 112 percent.
    primary_references
    Plasma concentrations of active simvastatin acid are increased by gemfibrozil. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10976543/ DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2000.108507
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    Plasma simvastatin lactone and active simvastatin acid

    Statin plasma exposure and muscle injury: dose randomisation and a drug interaction (2026-09-22) · lines 24–33

    Original AI-assisted curation of three primary studies resolved by PubMed title search and cross-checked against live PubMed metadata. Two share a research group with the OATP1B1 collection and are recorded as one line of evidence with it. Study-specific doses, effect sizes and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## gemfibrozil-raises-simvastatin-acid-exposure Gemfibrozil increased the plasma exposure of active simvastatin acid by 185 percent and its peak concentration by 112 percent. Model/species: 10 healthy volunteers, double-blind randomised crossover Tissue/system: Plasma simvastatin lactone and active simvastatin acid Exposure: Gemfibrozil 600 mg twice daily for 3 days, then a single 40 mg simvastatin dose Route: Oral Duration: 3 days of gemfibrozil, 12 hours of sampling Limits: Gemfibrozil did not inhibit CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes, so the interaction is not a CYP3A4 effect; the authors attribute it to inhibition of non-CYP3A4 metabolism of simvastatin acid. Primary reference: Plasma concentrations of active simvastatin acid are increased by gemfibrozil. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10976543/ DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2000.108507 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Gemfibrozil 600 mg twice daily increased lovastatin-acid peak concentration and exposure area after LipoCol Forte in 13 volunteers.

    Gemfibrozil → Human plasma exposure to lovastatin hydroxy acid source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary full text PMC3513969
    experimental_model
    Human short-course gemfibrozil followed by one LipoCol Forte capsule.
    limitations
    The trial did not establish a unique responsible transporter or enzyme, nor measure a muscle-injury incidence.
    nutrient_topic
    Red yeast rice collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Red yeast rice
    plain_language
    A coadministered drug increased exposure to the active acid.
    primary_references
    [23227093] Interaction between Red Yeast Rice and CYP450 Enzymes/P-Glycoprotein and Its Implication for the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Lovastatin. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23227093/ · DOI 10.1155/2012/127043
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Red yeast rice: constituents, mevalonate, CoQ and product-specific interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 164–170

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human short-course gemfibrozil followed by one LipoCol Forte capsule. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## red-yeast-rice-gemfibrozil-acid A coadministered drug increased exposure to the active acid. Gemfibrozil 600 mg twice daily increased lovastatin-acid peak concentration and exposure area after LipoCol Forte in 13 volunteers. Model: Human short-course gemfibrozil followed by one LipoCol Forte capsule. Limitations: The trial did not establish a unique responsible transporter or enzyme, nor measure a muscle-injury incidence. Evidence access: Primary full text PMC3513969 [23227093] Interaction between Red Yeast Rice and CYP450 Enzymes/P-Glycoprotein and Its Implication for the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Lovastatin. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23227093/ · DOI 10.1155/2012/127043
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Gemfibrozil did not significantly change parent lovastatin pharmacokinetic parameters in that LipoCol Forte experiment.

    Gemfibrozil → Human plasma exposure to lovastatin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text PMC3513969
    experimental_model
    Same 13 volunteers and dosing protocol.
    limitations
    The positive acid result must not be generalized to every measured chemical form.
    nutrient_topic
    Red yeast rice collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Red yeast rice
    plain_language
    The lactone and acid did not show the same interaction result.
    primary_references
    [23227093] Interaction between Red Yeast Rice and CYP450 Enzymes/P-Glycoprotein and Its Implication for the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Lovastatin. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23227093/ · DOI 10.1155/2012/127043

    Red yeast rice: constituents, mevalonate, CoQ and product-specific interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 172–178

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same 13 volunteers and dosing protocol. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## red-yeast-rice-gemfibrozil-lactone-null The lactone and acid did not show the same interaction result. Gemfibrozil did not significantly change parent lovastatin pharmacokinetic parameters in that LipoCol Forte experiment. Model: Same 13 volunteers and dosing protocol. Limitations: The positive acid result must not be generalized to every measured chemical form. Evidence access: Primary full text PMC3513969 [23227093] Interaction between Red Yeast Rice and CYP450 Enzymes/P-Glycoprotein and Its Implication for the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Lovastatin. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23227093/ · DOI 10.1155/2012/127043
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Concomitant use of gemfibrozil with statins, and particularly with cerivastatin, increases the risk of rhabdomyolysis, and this study was undertaken because the mechanism of that potentially fatal interaction was unclear.

    Plasma cerivastatin exposure → Statin-associated muscle pain source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    Not applicable
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Stated as the background to a 10-volunteer pharmacokinetic study
    exposure
    Gemfibrozil with cerivastatin
    limitations
    This is the study's framing of an established clinical association rather than a measurement made in it; no muscle outcome was recorded in the ten volunteers.
    organism
    Stated as the background to a 10-volunteer pharmacokinetic study
    plain_language
    Concomitant use of gemfibrozil with statins, and particularly with cerivastatin, increases the risk of rhabdomyolysis, and this study was undertaken because the mechanism of that potentially fatal interaction was unclear.
    primary_references
    Gemfibrozil greatly increases plasma concentrations of cerivastatin. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12496749/ DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2002.128469
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    Skeletal muscle injury risk during combined treatment

    Statin plasma exposure and muscle injury: dose randomisation and a drug interaction (2026-09-22) · lines 57–66

    Original AI-assisted curation of three primary studies resolved by PubMed title search and cross-checked against live PubMed metadata. Two share a research group with the OATP1B1 collection and are recorded as one line of evidence with it. Study-specific doses, effect sizes and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## cerivastatin-exposure-and-rhabdomyolysis-risk Concomitant use of gemfibrozil with statins, and particularly with cerivastatin, increases the risk of rhabdomyolysis, and this study was undertaken because the mechanism of that potentially fatal interaction was unclear. Model/species: Stated as the background to a 10-volunteer pharmacokinetic study Tissue/system: Skeletal muscle injury risk during combined treatment Exposure: Gemfibrozil with cerivastatin Route: Oral Duration: Not applicable Limits: This is the study's framing of an established clinical association rather than a measurement made in it; no muscle outcome was recorded in the ten volunteers. Primary reference: Gemfibrozil greatly increases plasma concentrations of cerivastatin. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12496749/ DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2002.128469 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The investigators concluded that the increased risk of myopathy during combined simvastatin and gemfibrozil treatment is at least partially of pharmacokinetic origin.

    Plasma simvastatin exposure → Statin-associated muscle pain source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    3 days
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    10 healthy volunteers, with the myopathy association drawn from prior case reports
    exposure
    Gemfibrozil co-treatment raising simvastatin acid exposure by 185 percent
    limitations
    This is the authors' mechanistic conclusion linking their measured exposure change to a myopathy risk reported elsewhere, not a measurement of muscle injury in these ten volunteers.
    organism
    10 healthy volunteers, with the myopathy association drawn from prior case reports
    plain_language
    The investigators concluded that the increased risk of myopathy during combined simvastatin and gemfibrozil treatment is at least partially of pharmacokinetic origin.
    primary_references
    Plasma concentrations of active simvastatin acid are increased by gemfibrozil. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10976543/ DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2000.108507
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    Plasma simvastatin acid concentration and muscle injury risk

    Statin plasma exposure and muscle injury: dose randomisation and a drug interaction (2026-09-22) · lines 35–44

    Original AI-assisted curation of three primary studies resolved by PubMed title search and cross-checked against live PubMed metadata. Two share a research group with the OATP1B1 collection and are recorded as one line of evidence with it. Study-specific doses, effect sizes and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## simvastatin-exposure-raises-myopathy The investigators concluded that the increased risk of myopathy during combined simvastatin and gemfibrozil treatment is at least partially of pharmacokinetic origin. Model/species: 10 healthy volunteers, with the myopathy association drawn from prior case reports Tissue/system: Plasma simvastatin acid concentration and muscle injury risk Exposure: Gemfibrozil co-treatment raising simvastatin acid exposure by 185 percent Route: Oral Duration: 3 days Limits: This is the authors' mechanistic conclusion linking their measured exposure change to a myopathy risk reported elsewhere, not a measurement of muscle injury in these ten volunteers. Primary reference: Plasma concentrations of active simvastatin acid are increased by gemfibrozil. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10976543/ DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2000.108507 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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