Component
Cellular NAD+/NADH ratio
Cellular NAD+/NADH ratio. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.
2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
Dependency on complex I, and therefore sensitivity to metformin, was dictated by other pathways affecting NAD+ regeneration and aspartate levels, so sensitivity was not an intrinsic property of the cells.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/27746050.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "661b69cac488b8ac530cc9385bff10b367b48327d01fe1c29c75bee56ee4f6b3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1079, "text_sha256": "661b69cac488b8ac530cc9385bff10b367b48327d01fe1c29c75bee56ee4f6b3"}
- experimental_model
- Cancer cells in varied culture environments with complex I inhibitors
- exposure
- Metformin and other complex I inhibitors across environments differing in NAD+ regeneration and aspartate supply
- limitations
- Establishes that sensitivity is environment-dependent; it argues against reading a culture concentration as a fixed drug property.
- nutrient_topic
- Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. · Metformin
- organism
- Human and mouse cancer cells
- plain_language
- The same drug dose does different things depending on what else the cell can use.
- primary_references
- [metformin-p27746050] Environment Dictates Dependence on Mitochondrial Complex I for NAD+ and Aspartate Production and Determines Cancer Cell Sensitivity to Metformin. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27746050/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.006
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Cancer cells in culture and in vivo
Metformin: transport, molecular targets, gut mechanisms and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 723–734
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cancer cells in varied culture environments with complex I inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### metformin-environment-sensitivity Dependency on complex I, and therefore sensitivity to metformin, was dictated by other pathways affecting NAD+ regeneration and aspartate levels, so sensitivity was not an intrinsic property of the cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. plain_language: The same drug dose does different things depending on what else the cell can use. organism: Human and mouse cancer cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cancer cells in culture and in vivo experimental_model: Cancer cells in varied culture environments with complex I inhibitors limitations: Establishes that sensitivity is environment-dependent; it argues against reading a culture concentration as a fixed drug property. exposure: Metformin and other complex I inhibitors across environments differing in NAD+ regeneration and aspartate supply evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/27746050.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "661b69cac488b8ac530cc9385bff10b367b48327d01fe1c29c75bee56ee4f6b3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1079, "text_sha256": "661b69cac488b8ac530cc9385bff10b367b48327d01fe1c29c75bee56ee4f6b3"} [metformin-p27746050] Environment Dictates Dependence on Mitochondrial Complex I for NAD+ and Aspartate Production and Determines Cancer Cell Sensitivity to Metformin. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27746050/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
Where it participates (unsigned role)
The anti-proliferative effect of metformin was due to loss of NAD+/NADH homeostasis and inhibition of aspartate biosynthesis, because complex I supports proliferation by regenerating NAD+.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/27746050.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "661b69cac488b8ac530cc9385bff10b367b48327d01fe1c29c75bee56ee4f6b3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1079, "text_sha256": "661b69cac488b8ac530cc9385bff10b367b48327d01fe1c29c75bee56ee4f6b3"}
- experimental_model
- Cancer cells in varied culture environments with complex I inhibitors
- exposure
- Metformin and other complex I inhibitors across environments differing in NAD+ regeneration and aspartate supply
- limitations
- Establishes that sensitivity is environment-dependent; it argues against reading a culture concentration as a fixed drug property.
- nutrient_topic
- Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. · Metformin
- organism
- Human and mouse cancer cells
- plain_language
- The real shortage is the carrier the chain recycles and the amino acid that depends on it.
- primary_references
- [metformin-p27746050] Environment Dictates Dependence on Mitochondrial Complex I for NAD+ and Aspartate Production and Determines Cancer Cell Sensitivity to Metformin. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27746050/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.006
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Cancer cells in culture and in vivo
Metformin: transport, molecular targets, gut mechanisms and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 710–721
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cancer cells in varied culture environments with complex I inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### metformin-nad-aspartate The anti-proliferative effect of metformin was due to loss of NAD+/NADH homeostasis and inhibition of aspartate biosynthesis, because complex I supports proliferation by regenerating NAD+. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. plain_language: The real shortage is the carrier the chain recycles and the amino acid that depends on it. organism: Human and mouse cancer cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cancer cells in culture and in vivo experimental_model: Cancer cells in varied culture environments with complex I inhibitors limitations: Establishes that sensitivity is environment-dependent; it argues against reading a culture concentration as a fixed drug property. exposure: Metformin and other complex I inhibitors across environments differing in NAD+ regeneration and aspartate supply evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/27746050.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "661b69cac488b8ac530cc9385bff10b367b48327d01fe1c29c75bee56ee4f6b3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1079, "text_sha256": "661b69cac488b8ac530cc9385bff10b367b48327d01fe1c29c75bee56ee4f6b3"} [metformin-p27746050] Environment Dictates Dependence on Mitochondrial Complex I for NAD+ and Aspartate Production and Determines Cancer Cell Sensitivity to Metformin. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27746050/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.