Component

Thioredoxin / TXN

Thioredoxin / TXN. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

4 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Thioredoxin showed substrate inhibition in human MPST assays and increased the apparent Km for 3-mercaptopyruvate relative to other acceptors.

    Thioredoxin / TXN → Human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase / MPST source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Recombinant human MPST isoform kinetics.
    limitations
    Predicted tissue sulfur allocation was based on simulations; no human dietary response was measured.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Cysteine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Cysteine
    plain_language
    More of a redox partner did not simply produce a faster reaction.
    primary_references
    Thioredoxin regulates human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase at physiologically-relevant concentrations. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32179647/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.RA120.012616

    L-Cysteine: sulfur allocation, redox supply and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 468–474

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human MPST isoform kinetics. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## l-cysteine-mpst-thioredoxin-inhibition More of a redox partner did not simply produce a faster reaction. Thioredoxin showed substrate inhibition in human MPST assays and increased the apparent Km for 3-mercaptopyruvate relative to other acceptors. Model: Recombinant human MPST isoform kinetics. Limitations: Predicted tissue sulfur allocation was based on simulations; no human dietary response was measured. Evidence access: Primary abstract Thioredoxin regulates human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase at physiologically-relevant concentrations. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32179647/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.RA120.012616
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Diabetic patients showed a more than twofold elevation in circulating stem cells after treatments, and the post-treatment CD34-positive population contained two- to threefold higher levels of hypoxia inducible factors 1, 2 and 3 and of thioredoxin-1.

    Hyperbaric oxygen therapy → Circulating CD34-positive stem and progenitor cells source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/21362081.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a830ae6900d884b73f4e5eac335263db6f9d981a0f95aa45ad3e266c44800e0b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1077, "text_sha256": "a830ae6900d884b73f4e5eac335263db6f9d981a0f95aa45ad3e266c44800e0b"}
    experimental_model
    Diabetic patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen for refractory neuropathic ulcers, with wound margin biopsies
    exposure
    Clinical hyperbaric oxygen therapy courses for refractory lower-extremity ulcers
    limitations
    Human observational measurements within a treatment course, without a randomised comparison. Protein content is measured in the mobilised cells, not in healed tissue.
    nutrient_topic
    Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The cells released carry more of the low-oxygen sensing proteins and more thioredoxin inside them.
    primary_references
    [hbot-p21362081] Vasculogenic stem cell mobilization and wound recruitment in diabetic patients: increased cell number and intracellular regulatory protein content associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21362081/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2010.00660.x
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Peripheral blood, platelets and skin wound margins

    Hyperbaric oxygen: the exposure, its reactive species, the signals they carry, and the nutrient-dependent enzymes that handle them (2026-09-19) · lines 582–593

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Diabetic patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen for refractory neuropathic ulcers, with wound margin biopsies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### hbot-diabetic-stem-mobilisation Diabetic patients showed a more than twofold elevation in circulating stem cells after treatments, and the post-treatment CD34-positive population contained two- to threefold higher levels of hypoxia inducible factors 1, 2 and 3 and of thioredoxin-1. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: The cells released carry more of the low-oxygen sensing proteins and more thioredoxin inside them. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Peripheral blood, platelets and skin wound margins experimental_model: Diabetic patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen for refractory neuropathic ulcers, with wound margin biopsies limitations: Human observational measurements within a treatment course, without a randomised comparison. Protein content is measured in the mobilised cells, not in healed tissue. exposure: Clinical hyperbaric oxygen therapy courses for refractory lower-extremity ulcers evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/21362081.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a830ae6900d884b73f4e5eac335263db6f9d981a0f95aa45ad3e266c44800e0b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1077, "text_sha256": "a830ae6900d884b73f4e5eac335263db6f9d981a0f95aa45ad3e266c44800e0b"} [hbot-p21362081] Vasculogenic stem cell mobilization and wound recruitment in diabetic patients: increased cell number and intracellular regulatory protein content associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21362081/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2010.00660.x
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Messenger RNA for heme oxygenase-1, manganese superoxide dismutase and cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase 1 rose three- to six-fold nine hours after exposure, with heme oxygenase-1 rising a few hours before manganese superoxide dismutase, while catalase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin did not change.

    Hyperbaric oxygen therapy → TXNRD1 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/15642322.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e3bc035a17e4e19dd92d4fadb1a79f8e3801619dac24fb91dcf985728afaf995", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2646, "text_sha256": "e3bc035a17e4e19dd92d4fadb1a79f8e3801619dac24fb91dcf985728afaf995"}
    experimental_model
    Cultured human lens epithelial cells exposed to extreme hyperbaric oxygen with enzyme assays and real-time PCR
    exposure
    99% oxygen at 50 atmospheres for 3 hours, then normal culture for up to 11 days
    limitations
    Fifty atmospheres is an extreme experimental exposure far above therapy, chosen to probe which defences matter. The selenoenzyme result is the informative part; the pressure is not clinically relevant.
    nutrient_topic
    Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    organism
    Human cells
    plain_language
    The cell rebuilt exactly three proteins: the heme enzyme, the manganese enzyme and the selenium enzyme.
    primary_references
    [hbot-p15642322] Thioredoxin reductase may be essential for the normal growth of hyperbaric oxygen-treated human lens epithelial cells. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15642322/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.07.001
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Lens epithelium

    Hyperbaric oxygen: the exposure, its reactive species, the signals they carry, and the nutrient-dependent enzymes that handle them (2026-09-19) · lines 426–437

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured human lens epithelial cells exposed to extreme hyperbaric oxygen with enzyme assays and real-time PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### hbot-trxr-mrna-response Messenger RNA for heme oxygenase-1, manganese superoxide dismutase and cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase 1 rose three- to six-fold nine hours after exposure, with heme oxygenase-1 rising a few hours before manganese superoxide dismutase, while catalase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin did not change. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: The cell rebuilt exactly three proteins: the heme enzyme, the manganese enzyme and the selenium enzyme. organism: Human cells tissue_or_cell_type: Lens epithelium experimental_model: Cultured human lens epithelial cells exposed to extreme hyperbaric oxygen with enzyme assays and real-time PCR limitations: Fifty atmospheres is an extreme experimental exposure far above therapy, chosen to probe which defences matter. The selenoenzyme result is the informative part; the pressure is not clinically relevant. exposure: 99% oxygen at 50 atmospheres for 3 hours, then normal culture for up to 11 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/15642322.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e3bc035a17e4e19dd92d4fadb1a79f8e3801619dac24fb91dcf985728afaf995", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2646, "text_sha256": "e3bc035a17e4e19dd92d4fadb1a79f8e3801619dac24fb91dcf985728afaf995"} [hbot-p15642322] Thioredoxin reductase may be essential for the normal growth of hyperbaric oxygen-treated human lens epithelial cells. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15642322/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.07.001
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Human MPST supported H2S production with thioredoxin and several low-molecular-weight acceptors, including cysteine, glutathione and dihydrolipoic acid.

    Human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase / MPST → Thiol acceptors in purified human MPST assays source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract and primary figure descriptions
    experimental_model
    Purified human MPST kinetics; concentrations and acceptors varied.
    limitations
    Some small-thiol assays used millimolar concentrations; these are not demonstrated effects of oral cysteine or lipoic acid.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Cysteine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Cysteine
    plain_language
    Sharing a sulfur-transfer route does not make these acceptors equally effective inside cells.
    primary_references
    Structure and kinetic analysis of H2S production by human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23698001/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M113.466177

    L-Cysteine: sulfur allocation, redox supply and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 460–466

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human MPST kinetics; concentrations and acceptors varied. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## l-cysteine-mpst-acceptor-choice Sharing a sulfur-transfer route does not make these acceptors equally effective inside cells. Human MPST supported H2S production with thioredoxin and several low-molecular-weight acceptors, including cysteine, glutathione and dihydrolipoic acid. Model: Purified human MPST kinetics; concentrations and acceptors varied. Limitations: Some small-thiol assays used millimolar concentrations; these are not demonstrated effects of oral cysteine or lipoic acid. Evidence access: Primary abstract and primary figure descriptions Structure and kinetic analysis of H2S production by human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23698001/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M113.466177
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards