Component

Peptide YY / PYY

Peptide YY / PYY. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

4 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Fasting and postprandial PYY rose with all metformin treatments, with day-5 to baseline AUC ratios of 1.4-1.5.

    Metformin → Peptide YY / PYY source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/27216492.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c874a5c13e2e709b4b36040f281e2b187e7956b4610decddc35403170c0ed45d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3863, "text_sha256": "c874a5c13e2e709b4b36040f281e2b187e7956b4610decddc35403170c0ed45d"}
    experimental_model
    Two randomised crossover trials of delayed-release metformin targeted to the ileum
    exposure
    Delayed-release versus immediate-release metformin over 5 to 7 day periods
    limitations
    The dissociation of effect from plasma exposure is the key observation. Funded by the manufacturer of the delayed-release formulation, which the record retains.
    nutrient_topic
    Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. · Metformin
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Gut hormones rose alongside the glucose effect.
    primary_references
    [metformin-p27216492] Once-daily delayed-release metformin lowers plasma glucose and enhances fasting and postprandial GLP-1 and PYY: results from two randomised trials. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27216492/ DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3992-6
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Distal small intestine

    Metformin: transport, molecular targets, gut mechanisms and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 853–864

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two randomised crossover trials of delayed-release metformin targeted to the ileum · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### metformin-ileal-pyy Fasting and postprandial PYY rose with all metformin treatments, with day-5 to baseline AUC ratios of 1.4-1.5. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. plain_language: Gut hormones rose alongside the glucose effect. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Distal small intestine experimental_model: Two randomised crossover trials of delayed-release metformin targeted to the ileum limitations: The dissociation of effect from plasma exposure is the key observation. Funded by the manufacturer of the delayed-release formulation, which the record retains. exposure: Delayed-release versus immediate-release metformin over 5 to 7 day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/27216492.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c874a5c13e2e709b4b36040f281e2b187e7956b4610decddc35403170c0ed45d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3863, "text_sha256": "c874a5c13e2e709b4b36040f281e2b187e7956b4610decddc35403170c0ed45d"} [metformin-p27216492] Once-daily delayed-release metformin lowers plasma glucose and enhances fasting and postprandial GLP-1 and PYY: results from two randomised trials. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27216492/ DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3992-6
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. GPR43 immunoreactivity was localised to enteroendocrine cells expressing peptide YY, whereas 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive enteroendocrine cells were not immunoreactive for GPR43, and mast cells of the lamina propria expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine were also GPR43-immunoreactive.

    Human free fatty acid receptor 2 / FFAR2 → Enteroendocrine cell source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16453106.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "14165574bceda6c6197de30baae79895b87d2b95272ea42c231554d7a4c015d2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1605, "text_sha256": "14165574bceda6c6197de30baae79895b87d2b95272ea42c231554d7a4c015d2"}
    experimental_model
    RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry with a rat-specific GPR43 antiserum
    exposure
    Receptor localisation across mucosal cell types
    limitations
    An anatomical result naming the cells that carry the receptor. Localisation is not function, and the antiserum was raised against a synthesised fragment.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Rat
    plain_language
    The receptor sits on the gut cells that make PYY, and on mast cells, but not on the serotonin-making gut cells.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p16453106] Short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, is expressed by enteroendocrine cells and mucosal mast cells in rat intestine. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16453106/ DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0140-x
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Distal ileum and colon

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 277–288

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry with a rat-specific GPR43 antiserum · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-ffar2-on-pyy-cells GPR43 immunoreactivity was localised to enteroendocrine cells expressing peptide YY, whereas 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive enteroendocrine cells were not immunoreactive for GPR43, and mast cells of the lamina propria expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine were also GPR43-immunoreactive. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The receptor sits on the gut cells that make PYY, and on mast cells, but not on the serotonin-making gut cells. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Distal ileum and colon experimental_model: RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry with a rat-specific GPR43 antiserum limitations: An anatomical result naming the cells that carry the receptor. Localisation is not function, and the antiserum was raised against a synthesised fragment. exposure: Receptor localisation across mucosal cell types evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16453106.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "14165574bceda6c6197de30baae79895b87d2b95272ea42c231554d7a4c015d2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1605, "text_sha256": "14165574bceda6c6197de30baae79895b87d2b95272ea42c231554d7a4c015d2"} [acetate-p16453106] Short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, is expressed by enteroendocrine cells and mucosal mast cells in rat intestine. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16453106/ DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0140-x
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The FFAR3 reporter was strongly expressed in all cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and secretin cells of the proximal small intestine, in all GLP-1, peptide YY and neurotensin cells of the distal small intestine, and in the large population of peptide YY and GLP-1 cells throughout the colon and rectum, and also in the neuronal cells of the submucosal and myenteric ganglia.

    Human free fatty acid receptor 3 / FFAR3 → Enteroendocrine cell source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/23885020.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2144, "text_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e"}
    experimental_model
    Transgenic monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter mice with FACS purification and quantitative PCR
    exposure
    Cell-type resolved expression of FFAR2 and FFAR3 reporters, with receptor-specific synthetic agonists on colonic crypt cultures
    limitations
    Reporter expression is not the same as receptor protein. The FFAR2 result here is weaker in enteroendocrine cells than the rat immunohistochemistry in this collection reports.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    The FFAR3 reporter marks nearly every hormone-making cell of the gut, and the gut nerves as well.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p23885020] GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23885020/ DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1142
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole gastrointestinal tract

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 290–301

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transgenic monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter mice with FACS purification and quantitative PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-ffar3-on-l-cells The FFAR3 reporter was strongly expressed in all cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and secretin cells of the proximal small intestine, in all GLP-1, peptide YY and neurotensin cells of the distal small intestine, and in the large population of peptide YY and GLP-1 cells throughout the colon and rectum, and also in the neuronal cells of the submucosal and myenteric ganglia. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The FFAR3 reporter marks nearly every hormone-making cell of the gut, and the gut nerves as well. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Whole gastrointestinal tract experimental_model: Transgenic monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter mice with FACS purification and quantitative PCR limitations: Reporter expression is not the same as receptor protein. The FFAR2 result here is weaker in enteroendocrine cells than the rat immunohistochemistry in this collection reports. exposure: Cell-type resolved expression of FFAR2 and FFAR3 reporters, with receptor-specific synthetic agonists on colonic crypt cultures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/23885020.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2144, "text_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e"} [acetate-p23885020] GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23885020/ DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1142
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Propionate stimulated secretion of both peptide YY and GLP-1 from wild-type murine colonic crypt cultures and this effect was significantly attenuated in cultures from FFA2 knockout mice, while intra-colonic infusion of propionate elevated both hormones in portal vein plasma in rats and mice but did not significantly stimulate their release in FFA2 knockout mice.

    Human free fatty acid receptor 2 / FFAR2 → Plasma GLP-1 response in the specified meal or glucose challenge source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/25109781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c3c934644f9308be7b2c26f969858debd0d1dbf19bee7e307e529d392fe135d6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "c3c934644f9308be7b2c26f969858debd0d1dbf19bee7e307e529d392fe135d6"}
    experimental_model
    Wistar rats, C57BL6 mice and FFA2 knockout mice, with colonic crypt cultures and portal vein sampling
    exposure
    Propionate applied to colonic crypt cultures and infused into the colon, with FFA2 deletion as the test of mediation
    limitations
    Establishes the receptor-to-hormone step in rodents using propionate rather than acetate. The knockout is the strength of the design.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Rat and mouse
    plain_language
    In rodents the receptor is what releases the two gut hormones; delete it and the response goes.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p25109781] The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25109781/ DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.153
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Colon

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 316–327

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Wistar rats, C57BL6 mice and FFA2 knockout mice, with colonic crypt cultures and portal vein sampling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-scfa-glp1-rodent Propionate stimulated secretion of both peptide YY and GLP-1 from wild-type murine colonic crypt cultures and this effect was significantly attenuated in cultures from FFA2 knockout mice, while intra-colonic infusion of propionate elevated both hormones in portal vein plasma in rats and mice but did not significantly stimulate their release in FFA2 knockout mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: In rodents the receptor is what releases the two gut hormones; delete it and the response goes. organism: Rat and mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Colon experimental_model: Wistar rats, C57BL6 mice and FFA2 knockout mice, with colonic crypt cultures and portal vein sampling limitations: Establishes the receptor-to-hormone step in rodents using propionate rather than acetate. The knockout is the strength of the design. exposure: Propionate applied to colonic crypt cultures and infused into the colon, with FFA2 deletion as the test of mediation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/25109781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c3c934644f9308be7b2c26f969858debd0d1dbf19bee7e307e529d392fe135d6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "c3c934644f9308be7b2c26f969858debd0d1dbf19bee7e307e529d392fe135d6"} [acetate-p25109781] The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25109781/ DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.153
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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