Component

Enteroendocrine cell

Enteroendocrine cell. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

4 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. GPR43 immunoreactivity was localised to enteroendocrine cells expressing peptide YY, whereas 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive enteroendocrine cells were not immunoreactive for GPR43, and mast cells of the lamina propria expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine were also GPR43-immunoreactive.

    Human free fatty acid receptor 2 / FFAR2 → Enteroendocrine cell source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16453106.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "14165574bceda6c6197de30baae79895b87d2b95272ea42c231554d7a4c015d2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1605, "text_sha256": "14165574bceda6c6197de30baae79895b87d2b95272ea42c231554d7a4c015d2"}
    experimental_model
    RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry with a rat-specific GPR43 antiserum
    exposure
    Receptor localisation across mucosal cell types
    limitations
    An anatomical result naming the cells that carry the receptor. Localisation is not function, and the antiserum was raised against a synthesised fragment.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Rat
    plain_language
    The receptor sits on the gut cells that make PYY, and on mast cells, but not on the serotonin-making gut cells.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p16453106] Short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, is expressed by enteroendocrine cells and mucosal mast cells in rat intestine. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16453106/ DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0140-x
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Distal ileum and colon

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 277–288

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry with a rat-specific GPR43 antiserum · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-ffar2-on-pyy-cells GPR43 immunoreactivity was localised to enteroendocrine cells expressing peptide YY, whereas 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive enteroendocrine cells were not immunoreactive for GPR43, and mast cells of the lamina propria expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine were also GPR43-immunoreactive. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The receptor sits on the gut cells that make PYY, and on mast cells, but not on the serotonin-making gut cells. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Distal ileum and colon experimental_model: RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry with a rat-specific GPR43 antiserum limitations: An anatomical result naming the cells that carry the receptor. Localisation is not function, and the antiserum was raised against a synthesised fragment. exposure: Receptor localisation across mucosal cell types evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/16453106.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "14165574bceda6c6197de30baae79895b87d2b95272ea42c231554d7a4c015d2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1605, "text_sha256": "14165574bceda6c6197de30baae79895b87d2b95272ea42c231554d7a4c015d2"} [acetate-p16453106] Short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, is expressed by enteroendocrine cells and mucosal mast cells in rat intestine. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16453106/ DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0140-x
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The FFAR3 reporter was strongly expressed in all cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and secretin cells of the proximal small intestine, in all GLP-1, peptide YY and neurotensin cells of the distal small intestine, and in the large population of peptide YY and GLP-1 cells throughout the colon and rectum, and also in the neuronal cells of the submucosal and myenteric ganglia.

    Human free fatty acid receptor 3 / FFAR3 → Enteroendocrine cell source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/23885020.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2144, "text_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e"}
    experimental_model
    Transgenic monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter mice with FACS purification and quantitative PCR
    exposure
    Cell-type resolved expression of FFAR2 and FFAR3 reporters, with receptor-specific synthetic agonists on colonic crypt cultures
    limitations
    Reporter expression is not the same as receptor protein. The FFAR2 result here is weaker in enteroendocrine cells than the rat immunohistochemistry in this collection reports.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    The FFAR3 reporter marks nearly every hormone-making cell of the gut, and the gut nerves as well.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p23885020] GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23885020/ DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1142
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole gastrointestinal tract

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 290–301

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transgenic monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter mice with FACS purification and quantitative PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-ffar3-on-l-cells The FFAR3 reporter was strongly expressed in all cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and secretin cells of the proximal small intestine, in all GLP-1, peptide YY and neurotensin cells of the distal small intestine, and in the large population of peptide YY and GLP-1 cells throughout the colon and rectum, and also in the neuronal cells of the submucosal and myenteric ganglia. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The FFAR3 reporter marks nearly every hormone-making cell of the gut, and the gut nerves as well. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Whole gastrointestinal tract experimental_model: Transgenic monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter mice with FACS purification and quantitative PCR limitations: Reporter expression is not the same as receptor protein. The FFAR2 result here is weaker in enteroendocrine cells than the rat immunohistochemistry in this collection reports. exposure: Cell-type resolved expression of FFAR2 and FFAR3 reporters, with receptor-specific synthetic agonists on colonic crypt cultures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/23885020.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2144, "text_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e"} [acetate-p23885020] GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23885020/ DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1142
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Microbe-derived acetate activated the Drosophila immunodeficiency pathway in a subset of enteroendocrine cells of the anterior midgut, where the pathway co-regulates expression of antimicrobial and enteroendocrine peptides including tachykinin, a repressor of intestinal lipid synthesis.

    Acetate → The Drosophila immunodeficiency / IMD signalling pathway source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/34107298.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4e5644412d174b2512ecf9cedea282b022d647b1b8a82f693a8f389da991425a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1179, "text_sha256": "4e5644412d174b2512ecf9cedea282b022d647b1b8a82f693a8f389da991425a"}
    experimental_model
    Drosophila mutagenesis and RNA interference in enteroendocrine cells of the anterior midgut
    exposure
    Dietary acetate with disruption of a monocarboxylic acid transporter, of histone deacetylation, and of the Tip60 acetyltransferase
    limitations
    This is a fly study. The mammalian relevance is the authors’ statement that the Tip60-steroid hormone axis is conserved, not a mammalian measurement.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Drosophila
    plain_language
    In the fly, bacterial acetate switches on the gut immune pathway, and the same switch also controls how much fat the gut makes.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p34107298] Microbiota-derived acetate activates intestinal innate immunity via the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34107298/ DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.017
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Anterior midgut

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 680–691

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Drosophila mutagenesis and RNA interference in enteroendocrine cells of the anterior midgut · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-acetate-tip60-immunity Microbe-derived acetate activated the Drosophila immunodeficiency pathway in a subset of enteroendocrine cells of the anterior midgut, where the pathway co-regulates expression of antimicrobial and enteroendocrine peptides including tachykinin, a repressor of intestinal lipid synthesis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: In the fly, bacterial acetate switches on the gut immune pathway, and the same switch also controls how much fat the gut makes. organism: Drosophila tissue_or_cell_type: Anterior midgut experimental_model: Drosophila mutagenesis and RNA interference in enteroendocrine cells of the anterior midgut limitations: This is a fly study. The mammalian relevance is the authors’ statement that the Tip60-steroid hormone axis is conserved, not a mammalian measurement. exposure: Dietary acetate with disruption of a monocarboxylic acid transporter, of histone deacetylation, and of the Tip60 acetyltransferase evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/34107298.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4e5644412d174b2512ecf9cedea282b022d647b1b8a82f693a8f389da991425a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1179, "text_sha256": "4e5644412d174b2512ecf9cedea282b022d647b1b8a82f693a8f389da991425a"} [acetate-p34107298] Microbiota-derived acetate activates intestinal innate immunity via the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34107298/ DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.017
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The FFAR2 reporter was strongly expressed in a large population of leukocytes in the lamina propria, particularly of the small intestine, but surprisingly only weakly in a subpopulation of enteroendocrine cells; nevertheless synthetic ligands specific for either FFAR3 or FFAR2 each released GLP-1 from colonic crypt cultures.

    Human free fatty acid receptor 2 / FFAR2 → Leukocyte of the intestinal lamina propria source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/23885020.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2144, "text_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e"}
    experimental_model
    Transgenic monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter mice with FACS purification and quantitative PCR
    exposure
    Cell-type resolved expression of FFAR2 and FFAR3 reporters, with receptor-specific synthetic agonists on colonic crypt cultures
    limitations
    Reporter expression is not the same as receptor protein. The FFAR2 result here is weaker in enteroendocrine cells than the rat immunohistochemistry in this collection reports.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    FFAR2 turned out to sit mainly on immune cells rather than on the hormone cells, though its agonist still released the hormone.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p23885020] GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23885020/ DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1142
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole gastrointestinal tract

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 303–314

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transgenic monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter mice with FACS purification and quantitative PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-ffar2-mostly-leukocytes The FFAR2 reporter was strongly expressed in a large population of leukocytes in the lamina propria, particularly of the small intestine, but surprisingly only weakly in a subpopulation of enteroendocrine cells; nevertheless synthetic ligands specific for either FFAR3 or FFAR2 each released GLP-1 from colonic crypt cultures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: FFAR2 turned out to sit mainly on immune cells rather than on the hormone cells, though its agonist still released the hormone. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Whole gastrointestinal tract experimental_model: Transgenic monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter mice with FACS purification and quantitative PCR limitations: Reporter expression is not the same as receptor protein. The FFAR2 result here is weaker in enteroendocrine cells than the rat immunohistochemistry in this collection reports. exposure: Cell-type resolved expression of FFAR2 and FFAR3 reporters, with receptor-specific synthetic agonists on colonic crypt cultures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/23885020.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2144, "text_sha256": "b834455e11c2b8fa3c4c19c5d01375815e46c3b0f8e25eb184f0eaa6a51c749e"} [acetate-p23885020] GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23885020/ DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1142
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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