Component
Plasma concentration of mebendazole
Plasma concentration of mebendazole. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.
6 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
In eight patients, cimetidine lowered the one-hour specific activity in the aminopyrine breath test and increased the maximum serum concentration of mebendazole, with a significant correlation between the breath test activity and the highest mebendazole concentration both before and after cimetidine, and combined administration resulted in the complete resolution of previously unresponsive hydatid cysts.
Experimental context and source evidence
- availability_state
- biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/3663452.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9bfd138da23825906ffca0d38a5a884ac761cf028ae3e0c3ddeabcc24d1c316e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 912, "text_sha256": "9bfd138da23825906ffca0d38a5a884ac761cf028ae3e0c3ddeabcc24d1c316e"}
- experimental_model
- Aminopyrine breath test and serum mebendazole concentrations in eight patients before and after 30 days of cimetidine
- exposure
- Mebendazole 1.5 grams three times daily, with cimetidine 400 milligrams three times daily for 30 days
- limitations
- Eight patients, five of whom had peptic ulcer rather than the target disease. The resolution of previously unresponsive cysts is reported without a control.
- nutrient_topic
- Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
- organism
- Human
- plain_language
- Blocking the liver enzyme that destroys it raises the blood level enough to clear cysts that had not responded.
- primary_references
- [mbz-p3663452] Cimetidine increases serum mebendazole concentrations. Implications for treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3663452/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03186.x
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Liver and plasma
- trigger_kind
- biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Aminopyrine breath test and serum mebendazole concentrations in eight patients before and after 30 days of cimetidine · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### mbz-cimetidine-raises-levels In eight patients, cimetidine lowered the one-hour specific activity in the aminopyrine breath test and increased the maximum serum concentration of mebendazole, with a significant correlation between the breath test activity and the highest mebendazole concentration both before and after cimetidine, and combined administration resulted in the complete resolution of previously unresponsive hydatid cysts. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: Blocking the liver enzyme that destroys it raises the blood level enough to clear cysts that had not responded. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Liver and plasma experimental_model: Aminopyrine breath test and serum mebendazole concentrations in eight patients before and after 30 days of cimetidine limitations: Eight patients, five of whom had peptic ulcer rather than the target disease. The resolution of previously unresponsive cysts is reported without a control. exposure: Mebendazole 1.5 grams three times daily, with cimetidine 400 milligrams three times daily for 30 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/3663452.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9bfd138da23825906ffca0d38a5a884ac761cf028ae3e0c3ddeabcc24d1c316e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 912, "text_sha256": "9bfd138da23825906ffca0d38a5a884ac761cf028ae3e0c3ddeabcc24d1c316e"} [mbz-p3663452] Cimetidine increases serum mebendazole concentrations. Implications for treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3663452/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03186.x
Complete structured claim and evidenceWhen 1.5 gram doses were given to three volunteers, measurable plasma concentrations of 17 to 134 nanomoles per litre were found only if mebendazole was given together with a fatty meal, in a patient with cholestasis plasma concentrations were higher than in the three normal subjects, and in patients on long-term treatment the increase in plasma concentration after a 1 gram dose varied between 0 and 500 nanomoles per litre, so that monitoring plasma levels during long-term therapy appears advisable.
Experimental context and source evidence
- availability_state
- biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/7418715.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b3e200ec505a4a58edacfcf8a51f1073d528d8fc7718fd5cd10a6ca15cbded10", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 812, "text_sha256": "b3e200ec505a4a58edacfcf8a51f1073d528d8fc7718fd5cd10a6ca15cbded10"}
- experimental_model
- Plasma concentrations in three volunteers given 1.5 gram doses and in patients on long-term treatment
- exposure
- 1.5 gram oral doses given with and without a fatty meal
- limitations
- Three volunteers. The finding that concentrations were measurable only with food is the substantive result; the cholestasis observation is a single patient.
- nutrient_topic
- Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
- organism
- Human
- plain_language
- Without fat in the meal the drug does not reach the blood at all, and between patients the levels vary from nothing to a great deal.
- primary_references
- [mbz-p7418715] Plasma concentrations of mebendazole during treatment of echinococcosis: preliminary results. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7418715/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00558451
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Plasma
- trigger_kind
- biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Plasma concentrations in three volunteers given 1.5 gram doses and in patients on long-term treatment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### mbz-food-is-required When 1.5 gram doses were given to three volunteers, measurable plasma concentrations of 17 to 134 nanomoles per litre were found only if mebendazole was given together with a fatty meal, in a patient with cholestasis plasma concentrations were higher than in the three normal subjects, and in patients on long-term treatment the increase in plasma concentration after a 1 gram dose varied between 0 and 500 nanomoles per litre, so that monitoring plasma levels during long-term therapy appears advisable. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: Without fat in the meal the drug does not reach the blood at all, and between patients the levels vary from nothing to a great deal. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma experimental_model: Plasma concentrations in three volunteers given 1.5 gram doses and in patients on long-term treatment limitations: Three volunteers. The finding that concentrations were measurable only with food is the substantive result; the cholestasis observation is a single patient. exposure: 1.5 gram oral doses given with and without a fatty meal evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/7418715.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b3e200ec505a4a58edacfcf8a51f1073d528d8fc7718fd5cd10a6ca15cbded10", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 812, "text_sha256": "b3e200ec505a4a58edacfcf8a51f1073d528d8fc7718fd5cd10a6ca15cbded10"} [mbz-p7418715] Plasma concentrations of mebendazole during treatment of echinococcosis: preliminary results. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7418715/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00558451
Complete structured claim and evidenceIn twelve patients given 10 milligrams per kilogram for cystic hydatid disease the plasma concentration-time profiles differed considerably, with elimination half-lives from 2.8 to 9.0 hours, time to peak from 1.5 to 7.25 hours and peak concentrations from 17.5 to 500 nanograms per millilitre, and the mean peak after an initial dose of 69.5 nanograms per millilitre was lower than during chronic therapy at 137.4 nanograms per millilitre.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/7094986.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5948d6b41d6cf4fa0b334caac010a171c49b81afd433f1eb704b4d07cfcb86cd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1256, "text_sha256": "5948d6b41d6cf4fa0b334caac010a171c49b81afd433f1eb704b4d07cfcb86cd"}
- experimental_model
- Plasma monitoring of mebendazole and its metabolites in twelve patients treated for cystic hydatid disease
- exposure
- 10 milligrams per kilogram, with tissue sampled at surgery in two patients
- limitations
- Twelve patients with wide between-patient variation. The enterohepatic recycling explanation is the authors’ inference from the metabolite profile.
- nutrient_topic
- Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
- organism
- Human
- plain_language
- The same dose gives one patient thirty times the blood level of another.
- primary_references
- [mbz-p7094986] Clinical pharmacokinetics of high dose mebendazole in patients treated for cystic hydatid disease. (1982). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7094986/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00542462
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Plasma, tissue and cyst material
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Plasma monitoring of mebendazole and its metabolites in twelve patients treated for cystic hydatid disease · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### mbz-variation-is-enormous In twelve patients given 10 milligrams per kilogram for cystic hydatid disease the plasma concentration-time profiles differed considerably, with elimination half-lives from 2.8 to 9.0 hours, time to peak from 1.5 to 7.25 hours and peak concentrations from 17.5 to 500 nanograms per millilitre, and the mean peak after an initial dose of 69.5 nanograms per millilitre was lower than during chronic therapy at 137.4 nanograms per millilitre. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: The same dose gives one patient thirty times the blood level of another. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma, tissue and cyst material experimental_model: Plasma monitoring of mebendazole and its metabolites in twelve patients treated for cystic hydatid disease limitations: Twelve patients with wide between-patient variation. The enterohepatic recycling explanation is the authors’ inference from the metabolite profile. exposure: 10 milligrams per kilogram, with tissue sampled at surgery in two patients evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/7094986.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5948d6b41d6cf4fa0b334caac010a171c49b81afd433f1eb704b4d07cfcb86cd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1256, "text_sha256": "5948d6b41d6cf4fa0b334caac010a171c49b81afd433f1eb704b4d07cfcb86cd"} [mbz-p7094986] Clinical pharmacokinetics of high dose mebendazole in patients treated for cystic hydatid disease. (1982). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7094986/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00542462
Complete structured claim and evidence
Where it participates (unsigned role)
In a 47-year-old woman with multiple hydatid cysts of the liver in whom hepatitis developed after mebendazole treatment, clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity were absent and a correlation was found between serum mebendazole concentrations and the degree of cytolysis, which is compatible with a direct hepatotoxic effect of mebendazole.
Experimental context and source evidence
- availability_state
- biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/3692093.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dd4fb3feac1314a99fa05d5d06bd35a25350bcfed9e8570a1b0c5dc702e835b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 379, "text_sha256": "dd4fb3feac1314a99fa05d5d06bd35a25350bcfed9e8570a1b0c5dc702e835b1"}
- experimental_model
- Case report of hepatitis after mebendazole treatment with serial serum concentrations
- exposure
- Mebendazole treatment for multiple hepatic hydatid cysts
- limitations
- A single case. The correlation between drug concentration and cytolysis within one patient is what distinguishes a direct toxic effect from hypersensitivity, and hypersensitivity features were absent.
- nutrient_topic
- Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
- organism
- Human
- plain_language
- The liver damage tracked the drug level rather than looking like an allergy, which points at the drug itself.
- primary_references
- [mbz-p3692093] Hepatotoxicity of mebendazole. Relationship with serum concentrations of the drug. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3692093/
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Liver
- trigger_kind
- biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Case report of hepatitis after mebendazole treatment with serial serum concentrations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### mbz-dose-related-hepatotoxicity In a 47-year-old woman with multiple hydatid cysts of the liver in whom hepatitis developed after mebendazole treatment, clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity were absent and a correlation was found between serum mebendazole concentrations and the degree of cytolysis, which is compatible with a direct hepatotoxic effect of mebendazole. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: The liver damage tracked the drug level rather than looking like an allergy, which points at the drug itself. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Liver experimental_model: Case report of hepatitis after mebendazole treatment with serial serum concentrations limitations: A single case. The correlation between drug concentration and cytolysis within one patient is what distinguishes a direct toxic effect from hypersensitivity, and hypersensitivity features were absent. exposure: Mebendazole treatment for multiple hepatic hydatid cysts evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/3692093.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dd4fb3feac1314a99fa05d5d06bd35a25350bcfed9e8570a1b0c5dc702e835b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 379, "text_sha256": "dd4fb3feac1314a99fa05d5d06bd35a25350bcfed9e8570a1b0c5dc702e835b1"} [mbz-p3692093] Hepatotoxicity of mebendazole. Relationship with serum concentrations of the drug. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3692093/
Complete structured claim and evidenceIn 24 patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma given mebendazole with adjuvant temozolomide, four patients at 200 milligrams per kilogram per day developed elevated grade 3 alanine aminotransferase or aspartate transaminase after one month which reversed with lower dosing or discontinuation, plasma levels were variable but generally increased with dose, and mebendazole at doses up to 200 milligrams per kilogram demonstrated long-term safety and acceptable toxicity.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/33506200.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ab5f2c1d14ccb7fa9f690201326bdbfcab3e07758bc78b76ff9adec2ca774ec6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1712, "text_sha256": "ab5f2c1d14ccb7fa9f690201326bdbfcab3e07758bc78b76ff9adec2ca774ec6"}
- experimental_model
- Single-centre dose-escalation and safety study in 24 patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma
- exposure
- Oral mebendazole at 25, 50, 100 and 200 milligrams per kilogram per day with adjuvant temozolomide, with trough plasma levels at 4, 8 and 16 weeks
- limitations
- The only human oncology record here. It is a single-arm dose-escalation and safety study without a control group, so the survival figures cannot be read as efficacy.
- nutrient_topic
- Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
- organism
- Human
- plain_language
- At the highest dose one patient in six developed liver enzyme rises that reversed on stopping.
- primary_references
- [mbz-p33506200] Mebendazole and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas: results of a phase 1 clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33506200/ DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa154
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Brain
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-centre dose-escalation and safety study in 24 patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### mbz-human-dose-escalation In 24 patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma given mebendazole with adjuvant temozolomide, four patients at 200 milligrams per kilogram per day developed elevated grade 3 alanine aminotransferase or aspartate transaminase after one month which reversed with lower dosing or discontinuation, plasma levels were variable but generally increased with dose, and mebendazole at doses up to 200 milligrams per kilogram demonstrated long-term safety and acceptable toxicity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: At the highest dose one patient in six developed liver enzyme rises that reversed on stopping. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Brain experimental_model: Single-centre dose-escalation and safety study in 24 patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma limitations: The only human oncology record here. It is a single-arm dose-escalation and safety study without a control group, so the survival figures cannot be read as efficacy. exposure: Oral mebendazole at 25, 50, 100 and 200 milligrams per kilogram per day with adjuvant temozolomide, with trough plasma levels at 4, 8 and 16 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/33506200.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ab5f2c1d14ccb7fa9f690201326bdbfcab3e07758bc78b76ff9adec2ca774ec6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1712, "text_sha256": "ab5f2c1d14ccb7fa9f690201326bdbfcab3e07758bc78b76ff9adec2ca774ec6"} [mbz-p33506200] Mebendazole and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas: results of a phase 1 clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33506200/ DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa154
Complete structured claim and evidenceTwo patients on high-dose oral mebendazole for echinococcosis developed severe reversible neutropenia apparently due to marrow suppression, with platelets and red cells also reversibly suppressed in one, high blood levels of 239 nanograms per millilitre in one patient may have caused the neutropenia and several toxic side effects as well as a striking shrinkage of that patient’s pulmonary and liver cysts, neutropenia with high-dose therapy may occur in up to 5% of patients, and the white cell count should be monitored frequently during the first several weeks.
Experimental context and source evidence
- availability_state
- biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/6842806.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bdad328a3c1865dc991e7d6825c6da6e68742c580b2f8e0d455635ab57e69031", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 755, "text_sha256": "bdad328a3c1865dc991e7d6825c6da6e68742c580b2f8e0d455635ab57e69031"}
- experimental_model
- Case reports of two patients on high-dose oral mebendazole for echinococcosis
- exposure
- High-dose oral mebendazole, with a blood level of 239 nanograms per millilitre in one patient
- limitations
- Two cases. The estimate that neutropenia may occur in up to 5% of patients is the authors’ judgement, not a measured rate from these two.
- nutrient_topic
- Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
- organism
- Human
- plain_language
- The patient whose cysts shrank most was the patient whose marrow was suppressed.
- primary_references
- [mbz-p6842806] Severe, reversible neutropenia during high-dose mebendazole therapy for echinococcosis. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6842806/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.1983.03330450059026
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Bone marrow
- trigger_kind
- biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Case reports of two patients on high-dose oral mebendazole for echinococcosis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### mbz-neutropenia-with-the-benefit Two patients on high-dose oral mebendazole for echinococcosis developed severe reversible neutropenia apparently due to marrow suppression, with platelets and red cells also reversibly suppressed in one, high blood levels of 239 nanograms per millilitre in one patient may have caused the neutropenia and several toxic side effects as well as a striking shrinkage of that patient’s pulmonary and liver cysts, neutropenia with high-dose therapy may occur in up to 5% of patients, and the white cell count should be monitored frequently during the first several weeks. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: The patient whose cysts shrank most was the patient whose marrow was suppressed. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Bone marrow experimental_model: Case reports of two patients on high-dose oral mebendazole for echinococcosis limitations: Two cases. The estimate that neutropenia may occur in up to 5% of patients is the authors’ judgement, not a measured rate from these two. exposure: High-dose oral mebendazole, with a blood level of 239 nanograms per millilitre in one patient evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/6842806.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bdad328a3c1865dc991e7d6825c6da6e68742c580b2f8e0d455635ab57e69031", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 755, "text_sha256": "bdad328a3c1865dc991e7d6825c6da6e68742c580b2f8e0d455635ab57e69031"} [mbz-p6842806] Severe, reversible neutropenia during high-dose mebendazole therapy for echinococcosis. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6842806/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.1983.03330450059026
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.