Component

Human phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase / PEMT

Human phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase / PEMT. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

7 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. PEMT converts PE to PC through three sequential SAM-dependent methylation reactions.

    Human phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase / PEMT → Phosphatidylethanolamine source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/12431977.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c299a547408772f2f24bdd77f2f22dc8ea9e5aaf8179150f2d8b59c9713306a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1380, "text_sha256": "7c299a547408772f2f24bdd77f2f22dc8ea9e5aaf8179150f2d8b59c9713306a"}
    experimental_model
    Human liver fractionation and recombinant PEMT membrane-topology experiments
    exposure
    Protein cleavage mapping and methyltransferase localization
    limitations
    Three methyl transfers make a choline-containing phospholipid; PEMT does not directly synthesize free choline from nothing.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human enzyme
    plain_language
    The body can build a choline headgroup in a membrane lipid by spending methyl groups.
    primary_references
    [choline-p12431977] Membrane topography of human phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12431977/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210904200
    tissue_or_cell_type
    ER and mitochondria-associated membranes

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 802–813

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver fractionation and recombinant PEMT membrane-topology experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pemt-pc PEMT converts PE to PC through three sequential SAM-dependent methylation reactions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The body can build a choline headgroup in a membrane lipid by spending methyl groups. organism: Human enzyme tissue_or_cell_type: ER and mitochondria-associated membranes experimental_model: Human liver fractionation and recombinant PEMT membrane-topology experiments limitations: Three methyl transfers make a choline-containing phospholipid; PEMT does not directly synthesize free choline from nothing. exposure: Protein cleavage mapping and methyltransferase localization evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/12431977.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c299a547408772f2f24bdd77f2f22dc8ea9e5aaf8179150f2d8b59c9713306a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1380, "text_sha256": "7c299a547408772f2f24bdd77f2f22dc8ea9e5aaf8179150f2d8b59c9713306a"} [choline-p12431977] Membrane topography of human phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12431977/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210904200
    Complete structured claim and evidence

What acts on it

  1. SAM supplies the methyl groups for each of the three PEMT-catalyzed transfers.

    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine → Human phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase / PEMT source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/12431977.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c299a547408772f2f24bdd77f2f22dc8ea9e5aaf8179150f2d8b59c9713306a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1380, "text_sha256": "7c299a547408772f2f24bdd77f2f22dc8ea9e5aaf8179150f2d8b59c9713306a"}
    experimental_model
    Human liver fractionation and recombinant PEMT membrane-topology experiments
    exposure
    Protein cleavage mapping and methyltransferase localization
    limitations
    Three methyl transfers make a choline-containing phospholipid; PEMT does not directly synthesize free choline from nothing.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human enzyme
    plain_language
    Membrane PC synthesis and the methyl-donor pool are connected.
    primary_references
    [choline-p12431977] Membrane topography of human phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12431977/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210904200
    tissue_or_cell_type
    ER and mitochondria-associated membranes

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 815–826

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver fractionation and recombinant PEMT membrane-topology experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pemt-sam SAM supplies the methyl groups for each of the three PEMT-catalyzed transfers. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Membrane PC synthesis and the methyl-donor pool are connected. organism: Human enzyme tissue_or_cell_type: ER and mitochondria-associated membranes experimental_model: Human liver fractionation and recombinant PEMT membrane-topology experiments limitations: Three methyl transfers make a choline-containing phospholipid; PEMT does not directly synthesize free choline from nothing. exposure: Protein cleavage mapping and methyltransferase localization evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/12431977.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c299a547408772f2f24bdd77f2f22dc8ea9e5aaf8179150f2d8b59c9713306a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1380, "text_sha256": "7c299a547408772f2f24bdd77f2f22dc8ea9e5aaf8179150f2d8b59c9713306a"} [choline-p12431977] Membrane topography of human phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12431977/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210904200
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. The increased PEMT message was accompanied by higher protein expression and enzyme activity in the hepatocyte study.

    17-beta-Estradiol → Human hepatocyte PEMT enzyme activity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/17456783.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d3585209a8c4db7cfe8b93aa2587fdd570f5e5c42bd3ea8f6195feb60b23b9da", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1399, "text_sha256": "d3585209a8c4db7cfe8b93aa2587fdd570f5e5c42bd3ea8f6195feb60b23b9da"}
    experimental_model
    Primary-hepatocyte estrogen exposure
    exposure
    17-beta-estradiol treatment for 24 hours
    limitations
    Culture regulation supports a mechanism but does not set requirements for every person or justify hormone treatment.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human primary hepatocytes
    plain_language
    The response extended beyond an RNA measurement.
    primary_references
    [choline-p17456783] Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene expression is induced by estrogen in human and mouse primary hepatocytes. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17456783/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8227com
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Primary hepatocytes

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 841–852

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary-hepatocyte estrogen exposure · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-estrogen-pemt-activity The increased PEMT message was accompanied by higher protein expression and enzyme activity in the hepatocyte study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response extended beyond an RNA measurement. organism: Human primary hepatocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Primary hepatocytes experimental_model: Primary-hepatocyte estrogen exposure limitations: Culture regulation supports a mechanism but does not set requirements for every person or justify hormone treatment. exposure: 17-beta-estradiol treatment for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/17456783.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d3585209a8c4db7cfe8b93aa2587fdd570f5e5c42bd3ea8f6195feb60b23b9da", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1399, "text_sha256": "d3585209a8c4db7cfe8b93aa2587fdd570f5e5c42bd3ea8f6195feb60b23b9da"} [choline-p17456783] Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene expression is induced by estrogen in human and mouse primary hepatocytes. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17456783/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8227com
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Estradiol increased PEMT transcription in primary human hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner.

    17-beta-Estradiol → Human hepatocyte PEMT transcription source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/17456783.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d3585209a8c4db7cfe8b93aa2587fdd570f5e5c42bd3ea8f6195feb60b23b9da", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1399, "text_sha256": "d3585209a8c4db7cfe8b93aa2587fdd570f5e5c42bd3ea8f6195feb60b23b9da"}
    experimental_model
    Primary-hepatocyte estrogen exposure
    exposure
    17-beta-estradiol treatment for 24 hours
    limitations
    Culture regulation supports a mechanism but does not set requirements for every person or justify hormone treatment.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human primary hepatocytes
    plain_language
    Hormone status can affect endogenous choline-headgroup synthesis.
    primary_references
    [choline-p17456783] Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene expression is induced by estrogen in human and mouse primary hepatocytes. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17456783/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8227com
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Primary hepatocytes

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 828–839

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary-hepatocyte estrogen exposure · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-estrogen-pemt-transcription Estradiol increased PEMT transcription in primary human hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Hormone status can affect endogenous choline-headgroup synthesis. organism: Human primary hepatocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Primary hepatocytes experimental_model: Primary-hepatocyte estrogen exposure limitations: Culture regulation supports a mechanism but does not set requirements for every person or justify hormone treatment. exposure: 17-beta-estradiol treatment for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/17456783.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d3585209a8c4db7cfe8b93aa2587fdd570f5e5c42bd3ea8f6195feb60b23b9da", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1399, "text_sha256": "d3585209a8c4db7cfe8b93aa2587fdd570f5e5c42bd3ea8f6195feb60b23b9da"} [choline-p17456783] Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene expression is induced by estrogen in human and mouse primary hepatocytes. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17456783/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8227com
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. The studied risk allele failed to bind estrogen receptor at the critical PEMT regulatory region.

    PEMT estrogen-response risk haplotype in the 2011 study → Estrogen-receptor binding at the PEMT risk haplotype source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/21059658.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1380, "text_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4"}
    experimental_model
    Transcript-specific expression, haplotype and chromatin-binding analyses
    exposure
    Estrogen stimulation across PEMT haplotypes
    limitations
    Risk is allele/haplotype-specific; not every PEMT variant or every woman has the same response.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The hormone signal could not engage this regulatory site normally.
    primary_references
    [choline-p21059658] Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21059658/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106922
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Primary hepatocytes and PEMT regulatory locus
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 854–865

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transcript-specific expression, haplotype and chromatin-binding analyses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pemt-esr-binding The studied risk allele failed to bind estrogen receptor at the critical PEMT regulatory region. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The hormone signal could not engage this regulatory site normally. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Primary hepatocytes and PEMT regulatory locus experimental_model: Transcript-specific expression, haplotype and chromatin-binding analyses limitations: Risk is allele/haplotype-specific; not every PEMT variant or every woman has the same response. exposure: Estrogen stimulation across PEMT haplotypes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/21059658.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1380, "text_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4"} [choline-p21059658] Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21059658/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106922
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. The risk allele also failed to bind the pioneer factor FOXA1.

    PEMT estrogen-response risk haplotype in the 2011 study → FOXA1 binding at the PEMT risk haplotype source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/21059658.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1380, "text_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4"}
    experimental_model
    Transcript-specific expression, haplotype and chromatin-binding analyses
    exposure
    Estrogen stimulation across PEMT haplotypes
    limitations
    Risk is allele/haplotype-specific; not every PEMT variant or every woman has the same response.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    A second regulatory protein was affected at the same locus.
    primary_references
    [choline-p21059658] Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21059658/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106922
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Primary hepatocytes and PEMT regulatory locus
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 867–878

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transcript-specific expression, haplotype and chromatin-binding analyses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pemt-foxa-binding The risk allele also failed to bind the pioneer factor FOXA1. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second regulatory protein was affected at the same locus. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Primary hepatocytes and PEMT regulatory locus experimental_model: Transcript-specific expression, haplotype and chromatin-binding analyses limitations: Risk is allele/haplotype-specific; not every PEMT variant or every woman has the same response. exposure: Estrogen stimulation across PEMT haplotypes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/21059658.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1380, "text_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4"} [choline-p21059658] Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21059658/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106922
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. The risk-associated haplotype lost hormone-inducible PEMT expression.

    PEMT estrogen-response risk haplotype in the 2011 study → Hormone-inducible PEMT expression source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/21059658.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1380, "text_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4"}
    experimental_model
    Transcript-specific expression, haplotype and chromatin-binding analyses
    exposure
    Estrogen stimulation across PEMT haplotypes
    limitations
    Risk is allele/haplotype-specific; not every PEMT variant or every woman has the same response.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The expected increase in endogenous synthesis machinery was impaired.
    primary_references
    [choline-p21059658] Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21059658/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106922
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Primary hepatocytes and PEMT regulatory locus
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 880–891

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transcript-specific expression, haplotype and chromatin-binding analyses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-pemt-hormone-induction The risk-associated haplotype lost hormone-inducible PEMT expression. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The expected increase in endogenous synthesis machinery was impaired. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Primary hepatocytes and PEMT regulatory locus experimental_model: Transcript-specific expression, haplotype and chromatin-binding analyses limitations: Risk is allele/haplotype-specific; not every PEMT variant or every woman has the same response. exposure: Estrogen stimulation across PEMT haplotypes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/21059658.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1380, "text_sha256": "e2906288f8d608133ab4c746793ac5939f8c9fb157dbfd92c0af7b85064310d4"} [choline-p21059658] Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21059658/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106922
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards