Component

Mouse small-intestinal fructose clearance

Species, exposure, manipulation and evidence limits are specified on each linked claim.

5 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Low-dose oral fructose was approximately 90% cleared by the small intestine in the mouse tracer experiment.

    Fructose → Mouse small-intestinal fructose clearance source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    1:1 fructose/glucose gavage, typically 0.5 g/kg each; dose series 0.25-2 g/kg each
    duration
    Acute tracing; knockout portal AUC 0-30 min
    evidence_access
    Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; source-specific curation
    experimental_model
    Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons
    exposure_scope
    Component mixture
    limitations
    Approximately 90% low-dose clearance is a mouse result, not an established human percentage. Fasting, feeding and prior exposure change clearance.
    nutrient_topic
    HFCS chapter: actual formulation studies, component biochemistry and interventions are explicitly distinguished. · High-Fructose Corn Syrup / HFCS
    organism
    Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons
    plain_language
    Low-dose oral fructose was approximately 90% cleared by the small intestine in the mouse tracer experiment.
    primary_references
    The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29414685/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.016
    route
    Oral gavage with isotope tracers
    tissue
    Small intestine, portal blood and liver

    High-Fructose Corn Syrup: mechanism of action and metabolic impact (2026-09-20) · lines 137–147

    Original AI-assisted curation of twenty primary studies and official FDA composition information, with one reused canonical glucose-transport claim. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hfcs-intestinal-clearance Low-dose oral fructose was approximately 90% cleared by the small intestine in the mouse tracer experiment. Model/species: Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons Tissue: Small intestine, portal blood and liver Exposure: 1:1 fructose/glucose gavage, typically 0.5 g/kg each; dose series 0.25-2 g/kg each Route: Oral gavage with isotope tracers Duration: Acute tracing; knockout portal AUC 0-30 min Exposure scope: Component mixture Limits: Approximately 90% low-dose clearance is a mouse result, not an established human percentage. Fasting, feeding and prior exposure change clearance. Reference: The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29414685/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.016 Access: Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Dividing the same fructose dose over 45 minutes reduced hepatic lipogenesis relative to a single mouse gavage bolus.

    Fructose → Mouse hepatic de novo lipogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    2 g/kg fructose plus matched glucose once versus four 0.5 g/kg fructose doses 15 min apart
    duration
    Equal total dose delivered over 45 min versus one bolus
    evidence_access
    Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; source-specific curation
    experimental_model
    Tracer experiments in mice
    exposure_scope
    Component mixture
    limitations
    Same sugar amount with different delivery rates; does not quantify a recommended human rate.
    nutrient_topic
    HFCS chapter: actual formulation studies, component biochemistry and interventions are explicitly distinguished. · High-Fructose Corn Syrup / HFCS
    organism
    Tracer experiments in mice
    plain_language
    Dividing the same fructose dose over 45 minutes reduced hepatic lipogenesis relative to a single mouse gavage bolus.
    primary_references
    The small intestine shields the liver from fructose-induced steatosis. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694791/ DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0222-9
    route
    Oral gavage
    tissue
    Intestinal processing and hepatic lipogenesis

    High-Fructose Corn Syrup: mechanism of action and metabolic impact (2026-09-20) · lines 197–207

    Original AI-assisted curation of twenty primary studies and official FDA composition information, with one reused canonical glucose-transport claim. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Tracer experiments in mice · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hfcs-delivery-rate Dividing the same fructose dose over 45 minutes reduced hepatic lipogenesis relative to a single mouse gavage bolus. Model/species: Tracer experiments in mice Tissue: Intestinal processing and hepatic lipogenesis Exposure: 2 g/kg fructose plus matched glucose once versus four 0.5 g/kg fructose doses 15 min apart Route: Oral gavage Duration: Equal total dose delivered over 45 min versus one bolus Exposure scope: Component mixture Limits: Same sugar amount with different delivery rates; does not quantify a recommended human rate. Reference: The small intestine shields the liver from fructose-induced steatosis. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694791/ DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0222-9 Access: Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Mouse intestinal tracing detected fructose-derived glucose in portal blood.

    Fructose → D-glucose source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    1:1 fructose/glucose gavage, typically 0.5 g/kg each; dose series 0.25-2 g/kg each
    duration
    Acute tracing; knockout portal AUC 0-30 min
    evidence_access
    Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; source-specific curation
    experimental_model
    Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons
    exposure_scope
    Component mixture
    limitations
    Approximately 90% low-dose clearance is a mouse result, not an established human percentage. Fasting, feeding and prior exposure change clearance.
    nutrient_topic
    HFCS chapter: actual formulation studies, component biochemistry and interventions are explicitly distinguished. · High-Fructose Corn Syrup / HFCS
    organism
    Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons
    plain_language
    Mouse intestinal tracing detected fructose-derived glucose in portal blood.
    primary_references
    The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29414685/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.016
    route
    Oral gavage with isotope tracers
    tissue
    Small intestine, portal blood and liver

    High-Fructose Corn Syrup: mechanism of action and metabolic impact (2026-09-20) · lines 149–159

    Original AI-assisted curation of twenty primary studies and official FDA composition information, with one reused canonical glucose-transport claim. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hfcs-intestinal-glucose Mouse intestinal tracing detected fructose-derived glucose in portal blood. Model/species: Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons Tissue: Small intestine, portal blood and liver Exposure: 1:1 fructose/glucose gavage, typically 0.5 g/kg each; dose series 0.25-2 g/kg each Route: Oral gavage with isotope tracers Duration: Acute tracing; knockout portal AUC 0-30 min Exposure scope: Component mixture Limits: Approximately 90% low-dose clearance is a mouse result, not an established human percentage. Fasting, feeding and prior exposure change clearance. Reference: The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29414685/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.016 Access: Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Deleting intestinal Khk-C increased fructose spillover and hepatic lipogenesis during sucrose feeding in mice.

    Mouse ketohexokinase C isoform / Khk-C → Mouse hepatic de novo lipogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    dose
    10% sucrose in drinking water
    duration
    8 weeks
    evidence_access
    Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; source-specific curation
    experimental_model
    Intestine-specific Khk-C knockout mice and littermate controls
    exposure_scope
    Sucrose / fructose-component mechanism
    limitations
    Tissue-specific deletion differs from systemic KHK inhibition. Source is sucrose exposure, not an HFCS trial; mouse intake patterns are not a human safety threshold.
    nutrient_topic
    HFCS chapter: actual formulation studies, component biochemistry and interventions are explicitly distinguished. · High-Fructose Corn Syrup / HFCS
    organism
    Intestine-specific Khk-C knockout mice and littermate controls
    plain_language
    Deleting intestinal Khk-C increased fructose spillover and hepatic lipogenesis during sucrose feeding in mice.
    primary_references
    The small intestine shields the liver from fructose-induced steatosis. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694791/ DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0222-9
    route
    Oral ad libitum sucrose with genetic deletion
    tissue
    Intestinal clearance and liver lipid metabolism
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    High-Fructose Corn Syrup: mechanism of action and metabolic impact (2026-09-20) · lines 185–195

    Original AI-assisted curation of twenty primary studies and official FDA composition information, with one reused canonical glucose-transport claim. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Intestine-specific Khk-C knockout mice and littermate controls · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hfcs-intestinal-khk-deletion Deleting intestinal Khk-C increased fructose spillover and hepatic lipogenesis during sucrose feeding in mice. Model/species: Intestine-specific Khk-C knockout mice and littermate controls Tissue: Intestinal clearance and liver lipid metabolism Exposure: 10% sucrose in drinking water Route: Oral ad libitum sucrose with genetic deletion Duration: 8 weeks Exposure scope: Sucrose / fructose-component mechanism Limits: Tissue-specific deletion differs from systemic KHK inhibition. Source is sucrose exposure, not an HFCS trial; mouse intake patterns are not a human safety threshold. Reference: The small intestine shields the liver from fructose-induced steatosis. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694791/ DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0222-9 Access: Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Mouse intestinal tracing detected fructose-derived lactate in portal blood.

    Fructose → L-Lactate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    1:1 fructose/glucose gavage, typically 0.5 g/kg each; dose series 0.25-2 g/kg each
    duration
    Acute tracing; knockout portal AUC 0-30 min
    evidence_access
    Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; source-specific curation
    experimental_model
    Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons
    exposure_scope
    Component mixture
    limitations
    Approximately 90% low-dose clearance is a mouse result, not an established human percentage. Fasting, feeding and prior exposure change clearance.
    nutrient_topic
    HFCS chapter: actual formulation studies, component biochemistry and interventions are explicitly distinguished. · High-Fructose Corn Syrup / HFCS
    organism
    Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons
    plain_language
    Mouse intestinal tracing detected fructose-derived lactate in portal blood.
    primary_references
    The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29414685/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.016
    route
    Oral gavage with isotope tracers
    tissue
    Small intestine, portal blood and liver

    High-Fructose Corn Syrup: mechanism of action and metabolic impact (2026-09-20) · lines 161–171

    Original AI-assisted curation of twenty primary studies and official FDA composition information, with one reused canonical glucose-transport claim. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## hfcs-intestinal-lactate Mouse intestinal tracing detected fructose-derived lactate in portal blood. Model/species: Male C57BL/6 mice, with Khk knockout comparisons Tissue: Small intestine, portal blood and liver Exposure: 1:1 fructose/glucose gavage, typically 0.5 g/kg each; dose series 0.25-2 g/kg each Route: Oral gavage with isotope tracers Duration: Acute tracing; knockout portal AUC 0-30 min Exposure scope: Component mixture Limits: Approximately 90% low-dose clearance is a mouse result, not an established human percentage. Fasting, feeding and prior exposure change clearance. Reference: The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29414685/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.016 Access: Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards