Component

Interferon gamma

Study-defined Interferon gamma. Read each linked record for species, exposure and endpoint.

6 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Adding 25(OH)D3 to low-vitamin-D serum restored IFN-gamma -induced macrophage autophagy.

    Calcifediol / 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 → Macrophage autophagy source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    experimental_model
    Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content
    exposure
    IFN-gamma -stimulated human macrophages; low-vitamin-D serum with 25(OH)D3 add-back; dose/time not recovered from abstract.
    limitations
    Cultured human macrophages and selected serum pools; no universal serum threshold or clinical tuberculosis cure inferred.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin D2 and D3 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin D2 and D3
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The cells recovered a recycling and defense process called autophagy.
    primary_references
    [fabri2011] Vitamin D is required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21998409/ DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003045
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Human macrophages
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin D2 and D3: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1048–1059

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vd-fabri-autophagy Adding 25(OH)D3 to low-vitamin-D serum restored IFN-gamma -induced macrophage autophagy. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Vitamin D2 and D3 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cells recovered a recycling and defense process called autophagy. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human macrophages experimental_model: Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content limitations: Cultured human macrophages and selected serum pools; no universal serum threshold or clinical tuberculosis cure inferred. exposure: IFN-gamma -stimulated human macrophages; low-vitamin-D serum with 25(OH)D3 add-back; dose/time not recovered from abstract. cross_nutrient: false [fabri2011] Vitamin D is required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21998409/ DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003045
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Adding 25(OH)D3 to low-vitamin-D serum restored IFN-gamma -induced antimicrobial peptide expression.

    Calcifediol / 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 → Human CAMP mRNA source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    experimental_model
    Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content
    exposure
    IFN-gamma -stimulated human macrophages; low-vitamin-D serum with 25(OH)D3 add-back; dose/time not recovered from abstract.
    limitations
    Cultured human macrophages and selected serum pools; no universal serum threshold or clinical tuberculosis cure inferred.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin D2 and D3 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin D2 and D3
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Adding precursor restored the antimicrobial gene response.
    primary_references
    [fabri2011] Vitamin D is required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21998409/ DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003045
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Human macrophages
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin D2 and D3: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1035–1046

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vd-fabri-camp Adding 25(OH)D3 to low-vitamin-D serum restored IFN-gamma -induced antimicrobial peptide expression. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Vitamin D2 and D3 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding precursor restored the antimicrobial gene response. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human macrophages experimental_model: Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content limitations: Cultured human macrophages and selected serum pools; no universal serum threshold or clinical tuberculosis cure inferred. exposure: IFN-gamma -stimulated human macrophages; low-vitamin-D serum with 25(OH)D3 add-back; dose/time not recovered from abstract. cross_nutrient: false [fabri2011] Vitamin D is required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21998409/ DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003045
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Adding 25(OH)D3 to low-vitamin-D serum restored IFN-gamma -induced phagosome-lysosome fusion.

    Calcifediol / 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 → Macrophage phagosome-lysosome fusion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    experimental_model
    Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content
    exposure
    IFN-gamma -stimulated human macrophages; low-vitamin-D serum with 25(OH)D3 add-back; dose/time not recovered from abstract.
    limitations
    Cultured human macrophages and selected serum pools; no universal serum threshold or clinical tuberculosis cure inferred.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin D2 and D3 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin D2 and D3
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The compartment holding the pathogen could fuse with a degradative compartment.
    primary_references
    [fabri2011] Vitamin D is required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21998409/ DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003045
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Human macrophages
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin D2 and D3: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1061–1072

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vd-fabri-fusion Adding 25(OH)D3 to low-vitamin-D serum restored IFN-gamma -induced phagosome-lysosome fusion. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Vitamin D2 and D3 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The compartment holding the pathogen could fuse with a degradative compartment. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human macrophages experimental_model: Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content limitations: Cultured human macrophages and selected serum pools; no universal serum threshold or clinical tuberculosis cure inferred. exposure: IFN-gamma -stimulated human macrophages; low-vitamin-D serum with 25(OH)D3 add-back; dose/time not recovered from abstract. cross_nutrient: false [fabri2011] Vitamin D is required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21998409/ DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003045
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Adding 25(OH)D3 to low-vitamin-D serum restored IFN-gamma -induced antimicrobial activity against intracellularM. tuberculosis.

    Calcifediol / 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 → Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis viability source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    false
    experimental_model
    Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content
    exposure
    IFN-gamma -stimulated human macrophages; low-vitamin-D serum with 25(OH)D3 add-back; dose/time not recovered from abstract.
    limitations
    Cultured human macrophages and selected serum pools; no universal serum threshold or clinical tuberculosis cure inferred.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin D2 and D3 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin D2 and D3
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The cell experiment also recovered antimicrobial activity.
    primary_references
    [fabri2011] Vitamin D is required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21998409/ DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003045
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Human macrophages
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin D2 and D3: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1074–1085

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### vd-fabri-killing Adding 25(OH)D3 to low-vitamin-D serum restored IFN-gamma -induced antimicrobial activity against intracellularM. tuberculosis. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Vitamin D2 and D3 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cell experiment also recovered antimicrobial activity. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human macrophages experimental_model: Human macrophage IFN-gamma experiments with sera of differing 25OHD content limitations: Cultured human macrophages and selected serum pools; no universal serum threshold or clinical tuberculosis cure inferred. exposure: IFN-gamma -stimulated human macrophages; low-vitamin-D serum with 25(OH)D3 add-back; dose/time not recovered from abstract. cross_nutrient: false [fabri2011] Vitamin D is required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21998409/ DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003045
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Experimental human zinc restriction reduced interferon gamma production, contributing to the selective decline in the tested TH1-associated cytokine response.

    Zinc → T-cell interferon gamma production source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    cross_nutrient
    Interferon gamma (measured_cytokine)
    evidence_location
    Indexed primary abstract.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/beck1997.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "f731be20460b3ded18a253c1d1595c48849db9c09ef164f8a7d03a552e5619dd", "utf8_bytes": 1106}
    experimental_model
    Experimental dietary zinc restriction and repletion in humans
    exposure
    Baseline, end of zinc restriction, and following repletion were assessed.
    limitations
    Indexed abstract only; no sample size, intake, duration, assay stimulus or repletion effect size is invented. Changes in selected cytokines do not quantify overall infection risk.
    nutrient_topic
    Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Zinc
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Zinc shortage reduced interferon gamma production in the tested immune cells.
    primary_references
    [zn-clin-beck1997] Changes in cytokine production and T cell subpopulations in experimentally induced zinc-deficient humans. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9227444/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.6.e1002
    tissue_or_cell_type
    T lymphocytes and cytokine production
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Zinc: transport, enzyme loading, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1347–1360

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Experimental dietary zinc restriction and repletion in humans · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zn-clin-depletion-ifng Experimental human zinc restriction reduced interferon gamma production, contributing to the selective decline in the tested TH1-associated cytokine response. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Zinc shortage reduced interferon gamma production in the tested immune cells. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: T lymphocytes and cytokine production experimental_model: Experimental dietary zinc restriction and repletion in humans limitations: Indexed abstract only; no sample size, intake, duration, assay stimulus or repletion effect size is invented. Changes in selected cytokines do not quantify overall infection risk. exposure: Baseline, end of zinc restriction, and following repletion were assessed. cross_nutrient: Interferon gamma (measured_cytokine) evidence_location: Indexed primary abstract. evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/beck1997.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "f731be20460b3ded18a253c1d1595c48849db9c09ef164f8a7d03a552e5619dd", "utf8_bytes": 1106} [zn-clin-beck1997] Changes in cytokine production and T cell subpopulations in experimentally induced zinc-deficient humans. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9227444/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.6.e1002
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. A single-dose placebo-controlled crossover trial found a significant shift in the IFN-gamma circadian profile after 3000 FIP units of oral bromelain.

    Bromelain → IFN-gamma circadian response in stimulated human whole blood source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Single oral dose; high dose 3000 FIP units
    duration
    Circadian sampling after one dose
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Healthy human volunteers in a three-way crossover trial
    limitations
    The clinical relevance and effect in a diseased immune system were not established; IL-5 and IL-10 findings were trends.
    nutrient_topic
    Bromelain chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Bromelain
    organism
    Healthy human volunteers in a three-way crossover trial
    plain_language
    A single-dose placebo-controlled crossover trial found a significant shift in the IFN-gamma circadian profile after 3000 FIP units of oral bromelain.
    primary_references
    Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial on the immunomodulating activities of low- and high-dose bromelain after oral administration - new evidence on the antiinflammatory mode of action of bromelain. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22517542/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4678
    route
    Oral
    tissue
    Ex-vivo stimulated whole-blood cytokine profiles

    Bromelain: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 99–108

    Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy human volunteers in a three-way crossover trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## bromelain-human-cytokine-shift A single-dose placebo-controlled crossover trial found a significant shift in the IFN-gamma circadian profile after 3000 FIP units of oral bromelain. Model/species: Healthy human volunteers in a three-way crossover trial Tissue/system: Ex-vivo stimulated whole-blood cytokine profiles Exposure: Single oral dose; high dose 3000 FIP units Route: Oral Duration: Circadian sampling after one dose Limits: The clinical relevance and effect in a diseased immune system were not established; IL-5 and IL-10 findings were trends. Primary reference: Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial on the immunomodulating activities of low- and high-dose bromelain after oral administration - new evidence on the antiinflammatory mode of action of bromelain. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22517542/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4678 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards