Component

Human catalase / CAT

Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.

6 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Ergothioneine increased catalase expression in human brain microvascular endothelial cells.

    L-Ergothioneine → Human catalase / CAT source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Cultured human endothelial cells.
    limitations
    Not evidence that ergothioneine supplies heme or iron.
    nutrient_topic
    Ergothioneine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Ergothioneine
    plain_language
    Peroxide-removing machinery was part of the response.
    primary_references
    Uptake and protective effects of ergothioneine in human endothelial cells. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25022513/ · DOI 10.1124/jpet.114.214049

    Ergothioneine: transport, redox chemistry and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 304–310

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured human endothelial cells. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## ergothioneine-endothelial-catalase Peroxide-removing machinery was part of the response. Ergothioneine increased catalase expression in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Model: Cultured human endothelial cells. Limitations: Not evidence that ergothioneine supplies heme or iron. Evidence access: Primary abstract Uptake and protective effects of ergothioneine in human endothelial cells. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25022513/ · DOI 10.1124/jpet.114.214049
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Astaxanthin increased PPAR-gamma and catalase expression in challenged AGS cells; the PPAR-gamma antagonist GW9662 suppressed the ROS/IL-8 protective response.

    Astaxanthin → Human catalase / CAT source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Human AGS expression assays and pharmacological inhibition.
    limitations
    Antagonist sensitivity is not direct binding evidence or a demonstration of iron deficiency rescue.
    nutrient_topic
    Astaxanthin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Astaxanthin
    plain_language
    A receptor-linked antioxidant enzyme response contributed in this model.
    primary_references
    Astaxanthin Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Interleukin-8 Expression in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30231525/ · DOI 10.3390/nu10091320

    Astaxanthin: transport, membrane chemistry, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 302–308

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human AGS expression assays and pharmacological inhibition. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## astaxanthin-gastric-catalase A receptor-linked antioxidant enzyme response contributed in this model. Astaxanthin increased PPAR-gamma and catalase expression in challenged AGS cells; the PPAR-gamma antagonist GW9662 suppressed the ROS/IL-8 protective response. Model: Human AGS expression assays and pharmacological inhibition. Limitations: Antagonist sensitivity is not direct binding evidence or a demonstration of iron deficiency rescue. Evidence access: Primary abstract Astaxanthin Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Interleukin-8 Expression in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30231525/ · DOI 10.3390/nu10091320
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. After fifteen sessions, erythrocyte catalase activity fell significantly compared with the first exposure.

    Hyperbaric oxygen therapy → Erythrocyte catalase activity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/15003734.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5e4b6cef5c64b735c97ae362e7a90c76433e3f8fef2978d3b3b2a584016e506f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1432, "text_sha256": "5e4b6cef5c64b735c97ae362e7a90c76433e3f8fef2978d3b3b2a584016e506f"}
    experimental_model
    Twelve patients sampled at the first and fifteenth hyperbaric session
    exposure
    Fifteen hyperbaric oxygen treatments without antioxidant supplementation
    limitations
    A small human series without a control group. The fall in enzyme activity may reflect oxidative modification of the enzymes themselves, which the authors state was still under investigation.
    nutrient_topic
    Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The cell’s own defence enzymes measured lower, not higher, after repeated sessions.
    primary_references
    [hbot-p15003734] Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients undergoing prolonged exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15003734/ DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.12.001
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Plasma and erythrocytes

    Hyperbaric oxygen: the exposure, its reactive species, the signals they carry, and the nutrient-dependent enzymes that handle them (2026-09-19) · lines 257–268

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twelve patients sampled at the first and fifteenth hyperbaric session · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### hbot-antioxidant-catalase After fifteen sessions, erythrocyte catalase activity fell significantly compared with the first exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: The cell’s own defence enzymes measured lower, not higher, after repeated sessions. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and erythrocytes experimental_model: Twelve patients sampled at the first and fifteenth hyperbaric session limitations: A small human series without a control group. The fall in enzyme activity may reflect oxidative modification of the enzymes themselves, which the authors state was still under investigation. exposure: Fifteen hyperbaric oxygen treatments without antioxidant supplementation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/15003734.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5e4b6cef5c64b735c97ae362e7a90c76433e3f8fef2978d3b3b2a584016e506f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1432, "text_sha256": "5e4b6cef5c64b735c97ae362e7a90c76433e3f8fef2978d3b3b2a584016e506f"} [hbot-p15003734] Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients undergoing prolonged exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15003734/ DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.12.001
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Heme oxygenase-1 levels were increased in lymphocytes 24 hours after treatment, while superoxide dismutase, catalase and the DNA repair enzymes apurinic endonuclease and DNA polymerase beta were not enhanced in expression.

    Hyperbaric oxygen therapy → Human heme oxygenase 1 / HMOX1 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/11023535.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "19b770dff3d327e2dd6d49180686f9823624190ab5693c28b88adcfaf703f14d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1576, "text_sha256": "19b770dff3d327e2dd6d49180686f9823624190ab5693c28b88adcfaf703f14d"}
    experimental_model
    Comet assay in lymphocytes of volunteers before and after hyperbaric oxygen, with enzyme expression measurement
    exposure
    100% oxygen at 2.5 ATA for three 20-minute periods
    limitations
    A human exposure study with a within-subject design. The iron-sequestration explanation is the authors’ inference from the pattern of protection, not a direct measurement of free iron.
    nutrient_topic
    Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Only one defence protein went up, and it is the one that handles heme iron.
    primary_references
    [hbot-p11023535] Induction of heme oxygenase-1 and adaptive protection against the induction of DNA damage after hyperbaric oxygen treatment. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11023535/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.10.1795
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Circulating lymphocytes

    Hyperbaric oxygen: the exposure, its reactive species, the signals they carry, and the nutrient-dependent enzymes that handle them (2026-09-19) · lines 309–320

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Comet assay in lymphocytes of volunteers before and after hyperbaric oxygen, with enzyme expression measurement · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### hbot-ho1-induction Heme oxygenase-1 levels were increased in lymphocytes 24 hours after treatment, while superoxide dismutase, catalase and the DNA repair enzymes apurinic endonuclease and DNA polymerase beta were not enhanced in expression. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: Only one defence protein went up, and it is the one that handles heme iron. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating lymphocytes experimental_model: Comet assay in lymphocytes of volunteers before and after hyperbaric oxygen, with enzyme expression measurement limitations: A human exposure study with a within-subject design. The iron-sequestration explanation is the authors’ inference from the pattern of protection, not a direct measurement of free iron. exposure: 100% oxygen at 2.5 ATA for three 20-minute periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/11023535.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "19b770dff3d327e2dd6d49180686f9823624190ab5693c28b88adcfaf703f14d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1576, "text_sha256": "19b770dff3d327e2dd6d49180686f9823624190ab5693c28b88adcfaf703f14d"} [hbot-p11023535] Induction of heme oxygenase-1 and adaptive protection against the induction of DNA damage after hyperbaric oxygen treatment. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11023535/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.10.1795
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Messenger RNA for heme oxygenase-1, manganese superoxide dismutase and cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase 1 rose three- to six-fold nine hours after exposure, with heme oxygenase-1 rising a few hours before manganese superoxide dismutase, while catalase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin did not change.

    Hyperbaric oxygen therapy → TXNRD1 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/15642322.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e3bc035a17e4e19dd92d4fadb1a79f8e3801619dac24fb91dcf985728afaf995", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2646, "text_sha256": "e3bc035a17e4e19dd92d4fadb1a79f8e3801619dac24fb91dcf985728afaf995"}
    experimental_model
    Cultured human lens epithelial cells exposed to extreme hyperbaric oxygen with enzyme assays and real-time PCR
    exposure
    99% oxygen at 50 atmospheres for 3 hours, then normal culture for up to 11 days
    limitations
    Fifty atmospheres is an extreme experimental exposure far above therapy, chosen to probe which defences matter. The selenoenzyme result is the informative part; the pressure is not clinically relevant.
    nutrient_topic
    Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    organism
    Human cells
    plain_language
    The cell rebuilt exactly three proteins: the heme enzyme, the manganese enzyme and the selenium enzyme.
    primary_references
    [hbot-p15642322] Thioredoxin reductase may be essential for the normal growth of hyperbaric oxygen-treated human lens epithelial cells. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15642322/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.07.001
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Lens epithelium

    Hyperbaric oxygen: the exposure, its reactive species, the signals they carry, and the nutrient-dependent enzymes that handle them (2026-09-19) · lines 426–437

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured human lens epithelial cells exposed to extreme hyperbaric oxygen with enzyme assays and real-time PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### hbot-trxr-mrna-response Messenger RNA for heme oxygenase-1, manganese superoxide dismutase and cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase 1 rose three- to six-fold nine hours after exposure, with heme oxygenase-1 rising a few hours before manganese superoxide dismutase, while catalase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin did not change. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: The cell rebuilt exactly three proteins: the heme enzyme, the manganese enzyme and the selenium enzyme. organism: Human cells tissue_or_cell_type: Lens epithelium experimental_model: Cultured human lens epithelial cells exposed to extreme hyperbaric oxygen with enzyme assays and real-time PCR limitations: Fifty atmospheres is an extreme experimental exposure far above therapy, chosen to probe which defences matter. The selenoenzyme result is the informative part; the pressure is not clinically relevant. exposure: 99% oxygen at 50 atmospheres for 3 hours, then normal culture for up to 11 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/15642322.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e3bc035a17e4e19dd92d4fadb1a79f8e3801619dac24fb91dcf985728afaf995", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2646, "text_sha256": "e3bc035a17e4e19dd92d4fadb1a79f8e3801619dac24fb91dcf985728afaf995"} [hbot-p15642322] Thioredoxin reductase may be essential for the normal growth of hyperbaric oxygen-treated human lens epithelial cells. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15642322/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.07.001
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Baseline reduced glutathione concentration and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were higher in winter swimmers than in controls, which the authors interpret as an adaptive response to repeated oxidative stress and postulate as a mechanism of increased tolerance to environmental stress.

    Cold water immersion → Adaptation to repeated oxidative stress source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/10396606.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdd2deec82fad8f9e148848c443d5b173ec42c0e07d9045c59773f7109883a7b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1139, "text_sha256": "fdd2deec82fad8f9e148848c443d5b173ec42c0e07d9045c59773f7109883a7b"}
    experimental_model
    Winter swimmers compared with people who had never taken part, sampled for erythrocyte and plasma antioxidants
    exposure
    Habitual ice bathing
    limitations
    A cross-sectional comparison, so self-selection cannot be excluded. The authors frame it as adaptation to repeated oxidative stress.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    People who swim in ice water carry more antioxidant defence at rest.
    primary_references
    [cold-p10396606] Improved antioxidative protection in winter swimmers. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10396606/ DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/92.4.193
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Erythrocytes and plasma

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 689–700

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Winter swimmers compared with people who had never taken part, sampled for erythrocyte and plasma antioxidants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-winter-swimmer-antioxidants Baseline reduced glutathione concentration and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were higher in winter swimmers than in controls, which the authors interpret as an adaptive response to repeated oxidative stress and postulate as a mechanism of increased tolerance to environmental stress. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: People who swim in ice water carry more antioxidant defence at rest. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Erythrocytes and plasma experimental_model: Winter swimmers compared with people who had never taken part, sampled for erythrocyte and plasma antioxidants limitations: A cross-sectional comparison, so self-selection cannot be excluded. The authors frame it as adaptation to repeated oxidative stress. exposure: Habitual ice bathing evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/10396606.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdd2deec82fad8f9e148848c443d5b173ec42c0e07d9045c59773f7109883a7b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1139, "text_sha256": "fdd2deec82fad8f9e148848c443d5b173ec42c0e07d9045c59773f7109883a7b"} [cold-p10396606] Improved antioxidative protection in winter swimmers. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10396606/ DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/92.4.193
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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