Component

Goldenseal extract, composition specified by study

Goldenseal extract, composition specified by study. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

5 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Goldenseal reduced metformin AUC by 23% without changing its half-life or renal clearance.

    Goldenseal extract, composition specified by study → Plasma metformin exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/33174626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0dbd2401295c8f6e093461899378d5e9b7c2c5757be0bd12d335edf07216afa9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1812, "text_sha256": "0dbd2401295c8f6e093461899378d5e9b7c2c5757be0bd12d335edf07216afa9"}
    experimental_model
    Clinical transporter-probe cocktail with in-vitro prediction
    exposure
    Characterized goldenseal botanical product, not purified berberine
    limitations
    Goldenseal contains multiple alkaloids. This result must not be attributed exclusively to berberine; unchanged renal clearance favors an absorption-related explanation.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    Sixteen healthy human volunteers
    plain_language
    The tested botanical mixture changed metformin exposure; purified berberine was not the clinical intervention.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p33174626] Assessing Transporter-Mediated Natural Product-Drug Interactions Via In vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation: Clinical Evaluation With a Probe Cocktail. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33174626/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2107
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Oral metformin exposure

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 870–881

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Clinical transporter-probe cocktail with in-vitro prediction · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-goldenseal-metformin Goldenseal reduced metformin AUC by 23% without changing its half-life or renal clearance. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The tested botanical mixture changed metformin exposure; purified berberine was not the clinical intervention. organism: Sixteen healthy human volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Oral metformin exposure experimental_model: Clinical transporter-probe cocktail with in-vitro prediction limitations: Goldenseal contains multiple alkaloids. This result must not be attributed exclusively to berberine; unchanged renal clearance favors an absorption-related explanation. exposure: Characterized goldenseal botanical product, not purified berberine evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/33174626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0dbd2401295c8f6e093461899378d5e9b7c2c5757be0bd12d335edf07216afa9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1812, "text_sha256": "0dbd2401295c8f6e093461899378d5e9b7c2c5757be0bd12d335edf07216afa9"} [berberine-p33174626] Assessing Transporter-Mediated Natural Product-Drug Interactions Via In vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation: Clinical Evaluation With a Probe Cocktail. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33174626/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2107
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Goldenseal extract inhibited THTR2-mediated metformin transport in transfected cells.

    Goldenseal extract, composition specified by study → Human thiamine transporter 2 / SLC19A3 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/37562957.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2598, "text_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646"}
    experimental_model
    Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics
    exposure
    Goldenseal extract and isolated berberine or hydrastine were tested separately
    limitations
    Extract potency was normalized to berberine content but does not mean berberine alone caused the effect. Transported probe was metformin, so thiamine depletion was not measured.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    Human transporters in HEK293 cells; mice
    plain_language
    The mixture and each transporter remain separate database entries.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal uptake

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 909–920

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-goldenseal-slc19a3 Goldenseal extract inhibited THTR2-mediated metformin transport in transfected cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The mixture and each transporter remain separate database entries. organism: Human transporters in HEK293 cells; mice tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal uptake experimental_model: Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics limitations: Extract potency was normalized to berberine content but does not mean berberine alone caused the effect. Transported probe was metformin, so thiamine depletion was not measured. exposure: Goldenseal extract and isolated berberine or hydrastine were tested separately evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/37562957.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2598, "text_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646"} [berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Goldenseal extract inhibited OCT3-mediated metformin transport in transfected cells.

    Goldenseal extract, composition specified by study → Human organic cation transporter 3 / OCT3 / SLC22A3 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/37562957.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2598, "text_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646"}
    experimental_model
    Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics
    exposure
    Goldenseal extract and isolated berberine or hydrastine were tested separately
    limitations
    Extract potency was normalized to berberine content but does not mean berberine alone caused the effect. Transported probe was metformin, so thiamine depletion was not measured.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    Human transporters in HEK293 cells; mice
    plain_language
    The mixture and each transporter remain separate database entries.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal uptake

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 883–894

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-goldenseal-slc22a3 Goldenseal extract inhibited OCT3-mediated metformin transport in transfected cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The mixture and each transporter remain separate database entries. organism: Human transporters in HEK293 cells; mice tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal uptake experimental_model: Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics limitations: Extract potency was normalized to berberine content but does not mean berberine alone caused the effect. Transported probe was metformin, so thiamine depletion was not measured. exposure: Goldenseal extract and isolated berberine or hydrastine were tested separately evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/37562957.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2598, "text_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646"} [berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Goldenseal extract inhibited PMAT-mediated metformin transport in transfected cells.

    Goldenseal extract, composition specified by study → Human plasma membrane monoamine transporter / PMAT / SLC29A4 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/37562957.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2598, "text_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646"}
    experimental_model
    Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics
    exposure
    Goldenseal extract and isolated berberine or hydrastine were tested separately
    limitations
    Extract potency was normalized to berberine content but does not mean berberine alone caused the effect. Transported probe was metformin, so thiamine depletion was not measured.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    Human transporters in HEK293 cells; mice
    plain_language
    The mixture and each transporter remain separate database entries.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal uptake

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 896–907

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-goldenseal-slc29a4 Goldenseal extract inhibited PMAT-mediated metformin transport in transfected cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The mixture and each transporter remain separate database entries. organism: Human transporters in HEK293 cells; mice tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal uptake experimental_model: Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics limitations: Extract potency was normalized to berberine content but does not mean berberine alone caused the effect. Transported probe was metformin, so thiamine depletion was not measured. exposure: Goldenseal extract and isolated berberine or hydrastine were tested separately evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/37562957.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2598, "text_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646"} [berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Isolated berberine did not alter metformin pharmacokinetics in the mouse experiment, whereas goldenseal extract reduced metformin Cmax.

    Berberine → Plasma metformin exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/37562957.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2598, "text_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646"}
    experimental_model
    Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics
    exposure
    Goldenseal extract and isolated berberine or hydrastine were tested separately
    limitations
    Extract potency was normalized to berberine content but does not mean berberine alone caused the effect. Transported probe was metformin, so thiamine depletion was not measured.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    Human transporters in HEK293 cells; mice
    plain_language
    The whole botanical product cannot be treated as equivalent to one ingredient.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal uptake

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 922–933

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-isolated-berberine-mouse-null Isolated berberine did not alter metformin pharmacokinetics in the mouse experiment, whereas goldenseal extract reduced metformin Cmax. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The whole botanical product cannot be treated as equivalent to one ingredient. organism: Human transporters in HEK293 cells; mice tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal uptake experimental_model: Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics limitations: Extract potency was normalized to berberine content but does not mean berberine alone caused the effect. Transported probe was metformin, so thiamine depletion was not measured. exposure: Goldenseal extract and isolated berberine or hydrastine were tested separately evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/37562957.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2598, "text_sha256": "3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646"} [berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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