{"id":"a240abd9-b415-5daf-b830-a8e8179bd9d3","stable_key":"7484635e-cc8f-5cd6-a978-6dc5775a7db5:berberine-goldenseal-slc29a4","predicate":"inhibits_metformin_transport_by","statement":"Goldenseal extract inhibited PMAT-mediated metformin transport in transfected cells.","claim_class":"mechanistic","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"ba84908e-ea8f-5982-aeae-64894434b1b2","mechanism_event_label":"The mixture and each transporter remain separate database entries.","subject":{"id":"a85e1d4d-0b60-5f72-9df2-8de12727dd19","slug":"goldenseal-extract","display_name":"Goldenseal extract, composition specified by study","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"},"object":{"id":"74029c57-0bf9-5363-8f08-c0a1dfbdd87f","slug":"slc29a4","display_name":"Human plasma membrane monoamine transporter / PMAT / SLC29A4","entity_type_key":"protein"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"ba84908e-ea8f-5982-aeae-64894434b1b2","stable_key":"7484635e-cc8f-5cd6-a978-6dc5775a7db5:berberine-goldenseal-slc29a4-event","event_type":"biochemical_relationship","label":"The mixture and each transporter remain separate database entries.","description":"Goldenseal extract inhibited PMAT-mediated metformin transport in transfected cells.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"519971b1-5aef-5ad7-8022-840144855cd0","slug":"metformin","display_name":"Metformin","entity_type_key":"drug"},"role":"assayed_substrate","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"a85e1d4d-0b60-5f72-9df2-8de12727dd19","slug":"goldenseal-extract","display_name":"Goldenseal extract, composition specified by study","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"74029c57-0bf9-5363-8f08-c0a1dfbdd87f","slug":"slc29a4","display_name":"Human plasma membrane monoamine transporter / PMAT / SLC29A4","entity_type_key":"protein"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_span","value_text":"{\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/berberine-research/37562957.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 2598, \"text_sha256\": \"3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646\"}","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"exposure","value_text":"Goldenseal extract and isolated berberine or hydrastine were tested separately","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Extract potency was normalized to berberine content but does not mean berberine alone caused the effect. Transported probe was metformin, so thiamine depletion was not measured.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"berberine","display_name":"Berberine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Human transporters in HEK293 cells; mice","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"The mixture and each transporter remain separate database entries.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"[berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue_or_cell_type","value_text":"Intestinal uptake","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"cc842185-0a33-548c-8b38-8f219a13aa98","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 896-907","start_line":896,"end_line":907,"excerpt":"### berberine-goldenseal-slc29a4\nGoldenseal extract inhibited PMAT-mediated metformin transport in transfected cells.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect.\nplain_language: The mixture and each transporter remain separate database entries.\norganism: Human transporters in HEK293 cells; mice\ntissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal uptake\nexperimental_model: Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics\nlimitations: Extract potency was normalized to berberine content but does not mean berberine alone caused the effect. Transported probe was metformin, so thiamine depletion was not measured.\nexposure: Goldenseal extract and isolated berberine or hydrastine were tested separately\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/berberine-research/37562957.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 2598, \"text_sha256\": \"3d19a5ed2d4ef8f98675f7932f2ea70d6848fc1105362f39681e1c595e204646\"}\n[berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360","model_system":"Transporter-expressing cells and oral-versus-intravenous mouse pharmacokinetics","directness":"author_interpretation","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact curation-document quotation, not publisher quotation. Study references: [berberine-p37562957] Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37562957/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"9bb61e1d-e5cf-5b05-a9ca-409291f7a313","stable_key":"import-7484635e-cc8f-5cd6-a978-6dc5775a7db5","title":"Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text.","file_path":"","sha256":"2f376a035ae79c93e62e2ea4a8d5385643bf16553f108d12b6a80c89e6d41f4c","revision_id":"2a099429-1c4a-55be-aa2c-0565d08bda80","review_status":"unverified_draft","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[],"corrections":[],"research":null}