{"id":"681f4286-695a-5019-bd08-048f6fb246c3","stable_key":"7484635e-cc8f-5cd6-a978-6dc5775a7db5:berberine-goldenseal-metformin","predicate":"decreases","statement":"Goldenseal reduced metformin AUC by 23% without changing its half-life or renal clearance.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"9beedc43-6770-5cf8-81bf-6a96b8fdd01a","mechanism_event_label":"The tested botanical mixture changed metformin exposure; purified berberine was not the clinical intervention.","subject":{"id":"a85e1d4d-0b60-5f72-9df2-8de12727dd19","slug":"goldenseal-extract","display_name":"Goldenseal extract, composition specified by study","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"},"object":{"id":"621570b0-47ba-5777-a383-5ec6f9bec2f2","slug":"metformin-plasma-exposure","display_name":"Plasma metformin exposure","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"9beedc43-6770-5cf8-81bf-6a96b8fdd01a","stable_key":"7484635e-cc8f-5cd6-a978-6dc5775a7db5:berberine-goldenseal-metformin-event","event_type":"observed_intervention","label":"The tested botanical mixture changed metformin exposure; purified berberine was not the clinical intervention.","description":"Goldenseal reduced metformin AUC by 23% without changing its half-life or renal clearance.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"519971b1-5aef-5ad7-8022-840144855cd0","slug":"metformin","display_name":"Metformin","entity_type_key":"drug"},"role":"measured_drug","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"a85e1d4d-0b60-5f72-9df2-8de12727dd19","slug":"goldenseal-extract","display_name":"Goldenseal extract, composition specified by study","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"621570b0-47ba-5777-a383-5ec6f9bec2f2","slug":"metformin-plasma-exposure","display_name":"Plasma metformin exposure","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_span","value_text":"{\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/berberine-research/33174626.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"0dbd2401295c8f6e093461899378d5e9b7c2c5757be0bd12d335edf07216afa9\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1812, \"text_sha256\": \"0dbd2401295c8f6e093461899378d5e9b7c2c5757be0bd12d335edf07216afa9\"}","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Clinical transporter-probe cocktail with in-vitro prediction","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"exposure","value_text":"Characterized goldenseal botanical product, not purified berberine","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Goldenseal contains multiple alkaloids. This result must not be attributed exclusively to berberine; unchanged renal clearance favors an absorption-related explanation.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"berberine","display_name":"Berberine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Sixteen healthy human volunteers","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"The tested botanical mixture changed metformin exposure; purified berberine was not the clinical intervention.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"[berberine-p33174626] Assessing Transporter-Mediated Natural Product-Drug Interactions Via In vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation: Clinical Evaluation With a Probe Cocktail. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33174626/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2107","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue_or_cell_type","value_text":"Oral metformin exposure","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"c2b67bc4-56fc-51ca-9fc3-ea4246a8d05b","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 870-881","start_line":870,"end_line":881,"excerpt":"### berberine-goldenseal-metformin\nGoldenseal reduced metformin AUC by 23% without changing its half-life or renal clearance.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect.\nplain_language: The tested botanical mixture changed metformin exposure; purified berberine was not the clinical intervention.\norganism: Sixteen healthy human volunteers\ntissue_or_cell_type: Oral metformin exposure\nexperimental_model: Clinical transporter-probe cocktail with in-vitro prediction\nlimitations: Goldenseal contains multiple alkaloids. This result must not be attributed exclusively to berberine; unchanged renal clearance favors an absorption-related explanation.\nexposure: Characterized goldenseal botanical product, not purified berberine\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/berberine-research/33174626.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"0dbd2401295c8f6e093461899378d5e9b7c2c5757be0bd12d335edf07216afa9\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1812, \"text_sha256\": \"0dbd2401295c8f6e093461899378d5e9b7c2c5757be0bd12d335edf07216afa9\"}\n[berberine-p33174626] Assessing Transporter-Mediated Natural Product-Drug Interactions Via In vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation: Clinical Evaluation With a Probe Cocktail. 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