Ghrelin

Where it participates (unsigned role)

1. Compared with the control cereal, 4 grams of oat beta-glucan significantly reduced glucose incremental area under the curve at 78 compared with 135 mmol x min/L and insulin at 14.0 compared with 26.8 nmol x min/L and delayed gastric emptying half-time to a geometric mean of 285 minutes compared with 105 minutes, effects not seen after the beta-glucanase-treated arm of the same dose, while subjective appetite, PYY and ghrelin responses were similar to control and pizza intakes at a subsequent unrestricted meal were not significantly different.

   Viscosity developed by a solubilised glucan → Human gastric emptying time source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   availability_state

   biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/31828287.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "983ae8675d933c4292f9f20059e93db94587b9a570fbfb602f5921f5bd7edd70", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2204, "text_sha256": "983ae8675d933c4292f9f20059e93db94587b9a570fbfb602f5921f5bd7edd70"}

   experimental_model

   Double-blind randomised crossover trial in 28 participants with gastric emptying, appetite hormones and an unrestricted test lunch

   exposure

   Breakfast meals matched for weight, energy and macronutrients containing 2 or 4 grams of oat beta-glucan, or 4 grams treated with beta-glucanase to reduce molecular weight and viscosity

   limitations

   The beta-glucanase arm is the control that isolates viscosity. The trial was designed around food intake as the primary endpoint and found no effect on it.

   nutrient_topic

   Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   The intact polymer held the meal in the stomach nearly three times longer; the same dose chopped up did nothing.

   primary_references

   [bg-p31828287] Increasing oat β-glucan viscosity in a breakfast meal slows gastric emptying and reduces glycemic and insulinemic responses but has no effect on appetite, food intake, or plasma ghrelin and PYY responses in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31828287/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz285

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Stomach and postprandial circulation

   trigger_kind

   biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

   Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 580–591

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomised crossover trial in 28 participants with gastric emptying, appetite hormones and an unrestricted test lunch · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### bg-viscosity-slows-the-stomach Compared with the control cereal, 4 grams of oat beta-glucan significantly reduced glucose incremental area under the curve at 78 compared with 135 mmol x min/L and insulin at 14.0 compared with 26.8 nmol x min/L and delayed gastric emptying half-time to a geometric mean of 285 minutes compared with 105 minutes, effects not seen after the beta-glucanase-treated arm of the same dose, while subjective appetite, PYY and ghrelin responses were similar to control and pizza intakes at a subsequent unrestricted meal were not significantly different. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: The intact polymer held the meal in the stomach nearly three times longer; the same dose chopped up did nothing. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Stomach and postprandial circulation experimental_model: Double-blind randomised crossover trial in 28 participants with gastric emptying, appetite hormones and an unrestricted test lunch limitations: The beta-glucanase arm is the control that isolates viscosity. The trial was designed around food intake as the primary endpoint and found no effect on it. exposure: Breakfast meals matched for weight, energy and macronutrients containing 2 or 4 grams of oat beta-glucan, or 4 grams treated with beta-glucanase to reduce molecular weight and viscosity evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/31828287.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "983ae8675d933c4292f9f20059e93db94587b9a570fbfb602f5921f5bd7edd70", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2204, "text_sha256": "983ae8675d933c4292f9f20059e93db94587b9a570fbfb602f5921f5bd7edd70"} [bg-p31828287] Increasing oat β-glucan viscosity in a breakfast meal slows gastric emptying and reduces glycemic and insulinemic responses but has no effect on appetite, food intake, or plasma ghrelin and PYY responses in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31828287/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz285

   Complete structured claim and evidence

2. Inulin but not resistant starch significantly increased the short-chain fatty acid area under the curve from 4 to 6 hours, yet neither affected the GLP-1 or PYY area under the curve, while ghrelin at 6 hours after inulin was significantly lower than after glucose and the change in short-chain fatty acid area was negatively related to the change in ghrelin area; responses did not differ significantly between lean and overweight subjects.

   Inulin → Plasma GLP-1 response in the specified meal or glucose challenge source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/27966574.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c0282e2d96baff8a6dde713af91c9df8641d7075c78cf1453ee7d74f6016cd3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1724, "text_sha256": "7c0282e2d96baff8a6dde713af91c9df8641d7075c78cf1453ee7d74f6016cd3"}

   experimental_model

   Randomised single-blind crossover in 13 overweight or obese and 12 lean humans

   exposure

   75 g glucose alone, or with 24 g inulin or 28.2 g resistant starch, with blood sampled over 6 hours

   limitations

   The ligand did rise: inulin significantly increased the 4 to 6 hour short-chain fatty acid area under the curve. The authors note that a longer adaptation or a larger sample might give a different answer.

   nutrient_topic

   Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   In people the fatty acids rose and the two appetite hormones did not move, though ghrelin fell.

   primary_references

   [acetate-p27966574] Acute increases in serum colonic short-chain fatty acids elicited by inulin do not increase GLP-1 or PYY responses but may reduce ghrelin in lean and overweight humans. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27966574/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.249

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Whole body

   Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 368–379

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised single-blind crossover in 13 overweight or obese and 12 lean humans · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### acetate-no-human-glp1 Inulin but not resistant starch significantly increased the short-chain fatty acid area under the curve from 4 to 6 hours, yet neither affected the GLP-1 or PYY area under the curve, while ghrelin at 6 hours after inulin was significantly lower than after glucose and the change in short-chain fatty acid area was negatively related to the change in ghrelin area; responses did not differ significantly between lean and overweight subjects. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: In people the fatty acids rose and the two appetite hormones did not move, though ghrelin fell. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Randomised single-blind crossover in 13 overweight or obese and 12 lean humans limitations: The ligand did rise: inulin significantly increased the 4 to 6 hour short-chain fatty acid area under the curve. The authors note that a longer adaptation or a larger sample might give a different answer. exposure: 75 g glucose alone, or with 24 g inulin or 28.2 g resistant starch, with blood sampled over 6 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/27966574.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c0282e2d96baff8a6dde713af91c9df8641d7075c78cf1453ee7d74f6016cd3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1724, "text_sha256": "7c0282e2d96baff8a6dde713af91c9df8641d7075c78cf1453ee7d74f6016cd3"} [acetate-p27966574] Acute increases in serum colonic short-chain fatty acids elicited by inulin do not increase GLP-1 or PYY responses but may reduce ghrelin in lean and overweight humans. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27966574/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.249

   Complete structured claim and evidence

3. Adding lactisole to sucrose did not significantly change postprandial plasma ghrelin.

   Lactisole → Human postprandial plasma ghrelin response source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   dose

   300 mL of 10% w/v sucrose with or without 60 ppm lactisole; parallel glucose conditions

   duration

   120 minutes; breakfast at 2 hours

   evidence_access

   Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.

   evidence_scope

   literature_reviewed; source-specific curation

   experimental_model

   27 healthy men in randomized single-blinded crossover

   exposure_scope

   Sucrose and taste antagonist

   limitations

   Acute experiment in men; peripheral serotonin is not brain serotonin. Receptor mediation and binding-affinity explanation were not directly established; no long-term weight outcome.

   nutrient_topic

   Sucrose chapter; direct sucrose observations are distinguished from shared component metabolism. · Sucrose

   organism

   27 healthy men in randomized single-blinded crossover

   plain_language

   Adding lactisole to sucrose did not significantly change postprandial plasma ghrelin.

   primary_references

   Sweet Taste Antagonist Lactisole Administered in Combination with Sucrose, But Not Glucose, Increases Energy Intake and Decreases Peripheral Serotonin in Male Subjects. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33066498/ DOI: 10.3390/nu12103133

   route

   Oral test drink after overnight fast

   tissue

   Subsequent food intake and peripheral hormone measurements

   Sucrose: mechanism of action and metabolic impact (2026-09-20) · lines 151–161

   Original AI-assisted source-specific sucrose curation with shared canonical claims retained by identity. Primary-study citations, negative findings, exposure details and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · 27 healthy men in randomized single-blinded crossover · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ## sucrose-lactisole-ghrelin-null Adding lactisole to sucrose did not significantly change postprandial plasma ghrelin. Model/species: 27 healthy men in randomized single-blinded crossover Tissue: Subsequent food intake and peripheral hormone measurements Exposure: 300 mL of 10% w/v sucrose with or without 60 ppm lactisole; parallel glucose conditions Route: Oral test drink after overnight fast Duration: 120 minutes; breakfast at 2 hours Exposure scope: Sucrose and taste antagonist Limits: Acute experiment in men; peripheral serotonin is not brain serotonin. Receptor mediation and binding-affinity explanation were not directly established; no long-term weight outcome. Reference: Sweet Taste Antagonist Lactisole Administered in Combination with Sucrose, But Not Glucose, Increases Energy Intake and Decreases Peripheral Serotonin in Male Subjects. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33066498/ DOI: 10.3390/nu12103133 Access: Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.

   Complete structured claim and evidence