Component

Cactus pear pulp in the 2004 betalain pharmacokinetic study

Whole-food intervention; 500 g pulp contained 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin. Other constituents were not isolated.

3 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. After cactus pear ingestion, plasma betanin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h.

    Cactus pear pulp in the 2004 betalain pharmacokinetic study → Human plasma betanin exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Single 500 g cactus pear pulp meal: 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin
    duration
    Plasma/urine followed for 12 h
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
    experimental_model
    Eight healthy human volunteers
    limitations
    Whole-food exposure cannot attribute the LDL response exclusively to either pigment; urinary recovery is not absolute absorption.
    nutrient_topic
    Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit. · Betalains
    organism
    Eight healthy human volunteers
    plain_language
    After cactus pear ingestion, plasma betanin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h.
    primary_references
    Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447903/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941
    route
    Oral whole food
    tissue
    Plasma, urine and isolated LDL

    Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 497–505

    Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Eight healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## betalains-betanin-human-pk After cactus pear ingestion, plasma betanin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h. Model/species: Eight healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma, urine and isolated LDL Exposure: Single 500 g cactus pear pulp meal: 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin Route: Oral whole food Duration: Plasma/urine followed for 12 h Limits: Whole-food exposure cannot attribute the LDL response exclusively to either pigment; urinary recovery is not absolute absorption. Primary reference: Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447903/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. LDL isolated 3 and 5 h after cactus pear ingestion resisted ex vivo oxidation more strongly; LDL vitamin E and beta-carotene levels were unchanged.

    Cactus pear pulp in the 2004 betalain pharmacokinetic study → Copper-driven LDL oxidation source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Single 500 g cactus pear pulp meal: 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin
    duration
    Plasma/urine followed for 12 h
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
    experimental_model
    Eight healthy human volunteers
    limitations
    Whole-food exposure cannot attribute the LDL response exclusively to either pigment; urinary recovery is not absolute absorption.
    nutrient_topic
    Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit. · Betalains
    organism
    Eight healthy human volunteers
    plain_language
    LDL isolated 3 and 5 h after cactus pear ingestion resisted ex vivo oxidation more strongly; LDL vitamin E and beta-carotene levels were unchanged.
    primary_references
    Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447903/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941
    route
    Oral whole food
    tissue
    Plasma, urine and isolated LDL

    Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 517–525

    Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Eight healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## betalains-human-food-ldl LDL isolated 3 and 5 h after cactus pear ingestion resisted ex vivo oxidation more strongly; LDL vitamin E and beta-carotene levels were unchanged. Model/species: Eight healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma, urine and isolated LDL Exposure: Single 500 g cactus pear pulp meal: 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin Route: Oral whole food Duration: Plasma/urine followed for 12 h Limits: Whole-food exposure cannot attribute the LDL response exclusively to either pigment; urinary recovery is not absolute absorption. Primary reference: Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447903/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. After cactus pear ingestion, plasma indicaxanthin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h.

    Cactus pear pulp in the 2004 betalain pharmacokinetic study → Human plasma indicaxanthin exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Single 500 g cactus pear pulp meal: 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin
    duration
    Plasma/urine followed for 12 h
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
    experimental_model
    Eight healthy human volunteers
    limitations
    Whole-food exposure cannot attribute the LDL response exclusively to either pigment; urinary recovery is not absolute absorption.
    nutrient_topic
    Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit. · Betalains
    organism
    Eight healthy human volunteers
    plain_language
    After cactus pear ingestion, plasma indicaxanthin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h.
    primary_references
    Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447903/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941
    route
    Oral whole food
    tissue
    Plasma, urine and isolated LDL

    Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 507–515

    Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Eight healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## betalains-indicaxanthin-human-pk After cactus pear ingestion, plasma indicaxanthin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h. Model/species: Eight healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma, urine and isolated LDL Exposure: Single 500 g cactus pear pulp meal: 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin Route: Oral whole food Duration: Plasma/urine followed for 12 h Limits: Whole-food exposure cannot attribute the LDL response exclusively to either pigment; urinary recovery is not absolute absorption. Primary reference: Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447903/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards