{"id":"c564dbcf-b1a2-57e4-b274-43b2e52e0b02","stable_key":"cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c:betalains-indicaxanthin-human-pk","predicate":"produces_transient_exposure","statement":"After cactus pear ingestion, plasma indicaxanthin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"positive","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"b5d00691-1b5f-566b-9c30-d52064d8cb12","mechanism_event_label":"After cactus pear ingestion, plasma indicaxanthin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h.","subject":{"id":"0fba31c5-75fa-51e6-9c34-bd3acb5e576a","slug":"cactus-pear-pulp-2004-preparation","display_name":"Cactus pear pulp in the 2004 betalain pharmacokinetic study","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"7973c9fa-8b22-59b0-9b4f-49b8948eb506","slug":"human-plasma-indicaxanthin","display_name":"Human plasma indicaxanthin exposure","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"b5d00691-1b5f-566b-9c30-d52064d8cb12","stable_key":"cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c:betalains-indicaxanthin-human-pk-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"After cactus pear ingestion, plasma indicaxanthin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h.","description":"After cactus pear ingestion, plasma indicaxanthin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"0fba31c5-75fa-51e6-9c34-bd3acb5e576a","slug":"cactus-pear-pulp-2004-preparation","display_name":"Cactus pear pulp in the 2004 betalain pharmacokinetic study","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"7973c9fa-8b22-59b0-9b4f-49b8948eb506","slug":"human-plasma-indicaxanthin","display_name":"Human plasma indicaxanthin exposure","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"f2a6e469-05f0-5596-9054-da926389f584","slug":"indicaxanthin","display_name":"Indicaxanthin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"dose","value_text":"Single 500 g cactus pear pulp meal: 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"duration","value_text":"Plasma/urine followed for 12 h","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_scope","value_text":"literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Eight healthy human volunteers","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Whole-food exposure cannot attribute the LDL response exclusively to either pigment; urinary recovery is not absolute absorption.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"betalains","display_name":"Betalains","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Eight healthy human volunteers","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"After cactus pear ingestion, plasma indicaxanthin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447903/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"route","value_text":"Oral whole food","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue","value_text":"Plasma, urine and isolated LDL","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"af563116-33df-542e-ab6f-a312fa3c13f1","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 507-515","start_line":507,"end_line":515,"excerpt":"## betalains-indicaxanthin-human-pk\nAfter cactus pear ingestion, plasma indicaxanthin peaked at 3 h and was undetectable by 12 h.\nModel/species: Eight healthy human volunteers\nTissue: Plasma, urine and isolated LDL\nExposure: Single 500 g cactus pear pulp meal: 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin\nRoute: Oral whole food\nDuration: Plasma/urine followed for 12 h\nLimits: Whole-food exposure cannot attribute the LDL response exclusively to either pigment; urinary recovery is not absolute absorption.\nPrimary reference: Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447903/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941","model_system":"Eight healthy human volunteers","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact archived curation span; an original paraphrase with an individually identified primary reference.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"be94d093-444c-5729-8831-bc33b0ef2fd7","stable_key":"import-cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c","title":"Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text.","file_path":"","sha256":"adb4fb8586481a69da5d2fe5cf62ad1dae2509af524352673fc7427123eeda87","revision_id":"a328b3f9-66d2-59e2-bd8f-de651c3c7649","review_status":"unverified_draft","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[],"corrections":[],"research":null}