{"id":"0a4383c9-d858-5864-8a36-ebbe9c751fcc","stable_key":"cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c:betalains-human-food-ldl","predicate":"associated_with_resistance","statement":"LDL isolated 3 and 5 h after cactus pear ingestion resisted ex vivo oxidation more strongly; LDL vitamin E and beta-carotene levels were unchanged.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"negative","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"f84ffde3-e94d-5898-9756-8c23f506b1be","mechanism_event_label":"LDL isolated 3 and 5 h after cactus pear ingestion resisted ex vivo oxidation more strongly; LDL vitamin E and beta-carotene levels were unchanged.","subject":{"id":"0fba31c5-75fa-51e6-9c34-bd3acb5e576a","slug":"cactus-pear-pulp-2004-preparation","display_name":"Cactus pear pulp in the 2004 betalain pharmacokinetic study","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"51d16a59-092e-5057-ab80-6a5c1939297f","slug":"copper-ldl-oxidation","display_name":"Copper-driven LDL oxidation","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"f84ffde3-e94d-5898-9756-8c23f506b1be","stable_key":"cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c:betalains-human-food-ldl-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"LDL isolated 3 and 5 h after cactus pear ingestion resisted ex vivo oxidation more strongly; LDL vitamin E and beta-carotene levels were unchanged.","description":"LDL isolated 3 and 5 h after cactus pear ingestion resisted ex vivo oxidation more strongly; LDL vitamin E and beta-carotene levels were unchanged.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"0fba31c5-75fa-51e6-9c34-bd3acb5e576a","slug":"cactus-pear-pulp-2004-preparation","display_name":"Cactus pear pulp in the 2004 betalain pharmacokinetic study","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"51d16a59-092e-5057-ab80-6a5c1939297f","slug":"copper-ldl-oxidation","display_name":"Copper-driven LDL oxidation","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"6c12bb61-c9c2-5c6d-a087-a292145ccaf0","slug":"betanin","display_name":"Betanin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"f2a6e469-05f0-5596-9054-da926389f584","slug":"indicaxanthin","display_name":"Indicaxanthin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":3,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"40a6525a-76b8-576e-b73d-1e11aecf5f8d","slug":"alpha-tocopherol","display_name":"Alpha-tocopherol","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":4,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"73c24cd4-9ae8-5897-8359-fa4d9e8edecb","slug":"beta-carotene","display_name":"All-trans-beta-carotene","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":5,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"19901d14-1463-5a22-b2f5-afdfb70a7a23","slug":"ldl-particles","display_name":"Low-density lipoprotein particles; preparation specified","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":6,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"dose","value_text":"Single 500 g cactus pear pulp meal: 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"duration","value_text":"Plasma/urine followed for 12 h","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_scope","value_text":"literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Eight healthy human volunteers","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Whole-food exposure cannot attribute the LDL response exclusively to either pigment; urinary recovery is not absolute absorption.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"betalains","display_name":"Betalains","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Eight healthy human volunteers","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"LDL isolated 3 and 5 h after cactus pear ingestion resisted ex vivo oxidation more strongly; LDL vitamin E and beta-carotene levels were unchanged.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447903/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"route","value_text":"Oral whole food","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue","value_text":"Plasma, urine and isolated LDL","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"b7ac2de2-b0d4-5df6-9353-36f4b63a6a3b","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 517-525","start_line":517,"end_line":525,"excerpt":"## betalains-human-food-ldl\nLDL isolated 3 and 5 h after cactus pear ingestion resisted ex vivo oxidation more strongly; LDL vitamin E and beta-carotene levels were unchanged.\nModel/species: Eight healthy human volunteers\nTissue: Plasma, urine and isolated LDL\nExposure: Single 500 g cactus pear pulp meal: 28 mg indicaxanthin and 16 mg betanin\nRoute: Oral whole food\nDuration: Plasma/urine followed for 12 h\nLimits: Whole-food exposure cannot attribute the LDL response exclusively to either pigment; urinary recovery is not absolute absorption.\nPrimary reference: Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447903/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941","model_system":"Eight healthy human volunteers","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact archived curation span; an original paraphrase with an individually identified primary reference.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"be94d093-444c-5729-8831-bc33b0ef2fd7","stable_key":"import-cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c","title":"Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. 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